Biology unit 1 flash cards

Pregunta	Respuesta
What is needed for a balanced diet...	▪ water -hydration ▪ carbs - release energy ▪ fats - keep us warm+ release energy ▪ protein - repair +cell replacement ▪ fibre - smooth digestive system ▪ vits+minr - skin blood bones healthy
What is metabolism	Energy to fuel chemical reactions in the body
What are main factors that result from having an unbalanced diet	• obesity • excess carbs + fats • hormonal problems
What do you need to watch out for in slimming products...	• if the report is a scientific study • if it was written by a qualified person •if the people were tested resulting in reliable results
What is a pathogen and it's 2 types...	:a microorganism that can cause disease. 1) bacteria - damage Your cell and produce toxins 2) virus - replocate themselves using your cells machinery, cell bursts releasing new viruses, making you I'll
What does your defence system consists of...	• skin + hairs + mucus = no illness (all inside breathing pipe work) • platelets - help blood clot quick
What the white blood cells 3 line attack??	1) wbc consumes microorganisms 2) wbc produce antibodies that attack microbes 3) wbc produce anti-toxins
What is a vaccination / how does it work ...	You get injected with dead/inactive disease microbe (eg MMR). Then your white blood cells produce antibodies which recognise the microbe (memory cells) and attack them
What are the pros and cons of a vaccination??	PROS = • has helped control Infectious diseases eg: polio, measles, tetanus... • big out breaks can be prevented if a large % of population are Injected CONS = • don't always work ( give you imunity ) • can get a bad reaction: swelling, fever, seizures (*= bad reactions rare)
What drugs cure and what drugs just relive symptoms	• relieve : painkillers • reduce : cold remedies • kill infections / disease : antibiotics not viruses
What happens if antibiotic weren't prescribed	The bacteria will become used to / resistant to the antibiotic
How do you grow microorganisms in a lab ?	1) AGAR jelly poured in shallow petri dish 2) wire loops used to transfer microorganisms to "culture medium" 3) paper discs are soaked in different antibiotics and placed on jelly ( non-resistant will die, antibiotic resistant will grow)
What must you do to prevent the experiment from being ruind?	• sterilisation EVERYTHING • petri dish must have a lid • school only 25° ⊙but in industrial conditions incubated much higher conditions for faster growth⊙
Name receptors in: eyes, ears, nose, mouth, tongue	Eyes : light receptors Ears : sound receptors Nose : smell receptors Tongue : taste receptors
What do synapses do ?	• They transfer nerve signals by chemicals • which diffuse across the gap • this connects 2 NEURONES • there chemicals then set off a new electrical signal in the next NEURONE
Describe the steps of a reflex...	1) stimulus 2) receptor 3) sensory neurone 4) relay neurone 5) motor neurone 6) effector 7) response
What is a hormone?	• chemical messenger sent in the blood
What is the difference between hormones and nerves?	Hormones : • slower action •act for longer time •act in more general ways Nerves : • v.fast action • act for a v.short time •act on a v.precise area
What hormone does the pituitary gland and ovaries produce?	Pituitary : FSH + LH (both involved in the menstrual cycle Ovaries : oestrogen (involved in the menstrual cycle)
Describe the menstrual cycle	Day 1) the lining of the uterus breaks down Day 4) it's starts to build up again Day 14) an egg is released Day 28) the lining is maintained Day 4) next cycle
What are the rolls of : FSH, OESTREGEN, LH?	FSH: produced by pituary gland, causes the egg to mature, stimulates the ovaries to produce... OESTREGEN: inhabits the further release of FSH. causes pituary glands to produce... LH: causes the release of an egg in the middle of a menstrual cycle.
Describe the steps of IVF...	1) eggs collected from woman's ovaries 2) the fertilised in a lab using mens supermarket 3) the grown into embryos (small balls of cells) 4) 1/2 are transfered in womansome uterus (to improve the chance pregnancy 5) FSH+LH are given perform egg collection to stimulate egg production.
What are the pros and cons of IVF. ..	PROS: • fertility can give an infertile couple a child CONS: • can cause cancer because of hormones • can cause multiple births / still born / miscarriage
Name a plant hormone and where it is produced	: Auxin • produced in shoots and root and controls growth
Tell me about the effects on shoots and roots when they grow; towards light, away from gravity, towards moisture	Shoots: light - auxin is produced in shady side making cells grow faster causing cell to bend towards light Gravity - when shoot grows sideways, unequal amount of auxin produced ( more on lower (shady ) bends up. Roots: Gravity - also have auxin on lower side but it grows towards gravity (auxin inhabits growth in roots) Moisture - more moisture more auxin, roots grow towards moisture
What does your body need to stay constant? (Homeostasis) and why?	•water - needs to constantly balance water that goes in against water that goes out •sugar - because insulin hormone maintain right level glucose in the blood, so your cells get a constant supply of energy •ion - eg salt (Na+) then absorbed in the blood (lost in sweat + kidneys urine)
Why does your body need a constant temp of 37°? (Thermostat)	• because enzymes in your body work best at 37° • a part of your brain is sensitive to the blood temp and receives messages from the skin (info about body temp)
State the factors of your urine on a cold and hot day? (Low concentration / high concentration)	•cold day - no exercise -not sweating -more diluted urine •hot day - exercise -sweating loads - more concentrated
What is the definition of a drug	:drugs change your bodies chemistry
Give 4 examples of drugs that are addictive... And what happens if the drug hasn't been taken?	• heroine • cocain • nicotine • caffeine - the addict will suffer from physical withdrawal symptoms
Name the 2 types of drugs and what they are used for?	-medical •medically useful •some not prescribed •antibiotics are perscribed ( morphine is prescribed because it can be misused) -recreational •drugs that are used for fun • can be illegal or or legal
Why do athletes take drugs? And what is the difference between ANABOLIC STEROIDS and STIMULANTS?	•because they are performance enhancing -ANABOLIC STEROIDS • increase muscle size -STIMULANTS • increase heart rate
Why are people for drugs in sport?	For: • athletes have their own decision whether the risk is worth taking • (drug free ) not fair people have access to different training facilities, coaches, ...
Why are people against drugs in sport?	Against: • unfair if people gain an advantage without training • might not be informed of serious consequences of taking the drug
Step one 1 (Of testing drugs)	Drugs are tested on human cell tissue. However can't use human cells to test drugs that affect much multiple body systems
Step 2 (Of testing drugs)	Drugs are tested on live animals. • to ensure the drug works • to learn about the toxicity and best dosage • law states new drugs MUST be tested on 2 mammals
Step 3 (Of testing drugs)	If the drug passes it is tested on healthy human volunteers in a clinical trial •(dosage is increased and decreased) • if drugs are okay on healthy volunteer, it's tested on someone with illness...
Describe the procedure when testing a new drug on a group of Ill people...	•people are split into 2 groups 1= placebo group 2= drug group. This is so the doctor can see the actual diffrence the drug makes.
Tell me about thalidomide :/	•drug that intended to be a sleeping pills • discovered that it relived morning sickness • but it wasn't tested to relive morn sickness • nobody new it could effect the fetus by travelling through the placenta • this caused abdominal limb growth for the child • now used for leprosy and cancer...
Recreational drug: what is the difference between a hard and soft?	•hard: More addictive and harmful •Soft drugs: Not as addictive and less harmful = BUT they can both cause serious problems.
How does an animal adapt in the desert? (Give an example...)	Camels • large surface area to volume to prevent it from overheating • efficient with water as it produces more concentrated urine. • good in hot conditions because they have thin layers of body fat • store fat in humps • camouflage to avoid predators.
How does an animal adapt in the article? (Give an example...)	Polar bear • small surface area compared to volume (round shape to prevent the hear loss) • thick blubber to be well insulated and for energy. • Greasy fur to shed water quick • camouflage to avoid predators.
How are plants and animals adapted to deter predators?	•thorns/ spikes •bright warning colours (like wasps) • produce poison.
What do animals and plants compete for in order to survive?	-ANIMALS •territory •space •mates •food •water - PLANTS •minerals (from the soil) •light •water •space
Name some living factors that cause environmental change	• change in occurance of infectous disease • change in food availability •change in a number of predators • change in number / types of competition...
Name some non-living factors that cause environmental change	•change in average temp •change in average rainfall • change in water pollution or the level of air
How does environmental changes effect the population?	If the number of prey increases then there is more food for predators. They reproduce and there population increase.
Give an example of a living indicater that can measure environmental change.	-LICHEN (slow growing plant) • it is sensitive to sulfur dioxide • this can help monitor air pollution • the amount and type of lichen there is indicates how clean a particular area is... (The more there is, the cleaner)
(non-living indicators) what are satelites used for	used to measure the temperature of the seas surface and snow / ice coverage!
what about automatic weather stations?...	•they tell us about the atmospheric conditions in various locations • they conatain thermometers that are small and acurate
how do they measure the changing levels of water pollution?	dissolved oxygen meters are used to measure the amount of oxygen dissolved in water.
how is rainfall measured?	they use rain gauges to measute the average rainfall year on year
what does each bar of a biomass pyramid represent ??	it represents the mass of a living material!
Describe the stages of a food chain	-the sun provides the energy for plants to grow - plants uses the sunshine light to make there food -and animal will the plants - and animal will the eat that animal but it will probably stop at that stage as there is not enough energy to support stages 4-5
How is energy lost in a food chain	•talking •eating •moving •heat • faeces
What is the definition of compost And describe the roll of compost bin	: decayed materials, animal /plant matter. •Kitchen wastes can be made into a compost bin •which can be then used for fertiliser as it recycles nutrients back into the soil.
Name the 2 types of variation	• GENETIC variation •ENVIRONMENTAL variation
What is GENETIC variation	Characteristics that are only determined by genes Eg- • eye colour • blood group • inherited disorders (These genes are passed on by gametes)
What is ENVIRONMENTAL variation?	Any differences caused by the conditions someone lives in -these differences could be • losing a toes •suntan •yellow leaves (if your a plant)
What do the nucleus in our cells contain?	They contain all our genetic information in the form of chromosomes
How many pair of chromosomes does a huge and cell nucleus have?	23 pairs
What do chromosomes carry	Chromosomes carry genes -different genes control different characteristics. Eg hair colour
What is the definition of a gene	A Short length of a chromosome
What is the definition of an allele	It Is a different version of the same gene
Where is DNA found	It is coiled up to form the arms of the chromosomes
What are the stages of sexual reproduction?	Sperm fertilises the egg
What are the stages of asexual reproduction	-X shaped chromosomes have 2 identical halves -chromosomes split in the middle - this forms 2 identical sets of half-chromosomes. - DNA replicate itself to form 2 identical sets of x shaped chromosomes.
Describe the stages of cloning plants by using their cuttings...	1) Cuttings are taken from the parent with a new bud of 2) the cuttings are kept in moist conditions until it is ready to plant. 3) after some time... a cloned plant would have grown
Describe the process of tissue culturing...	1) few plant cells are putting into a growth medium with hormones 2) And they grow into new plant clones of the parent plant
How can a farmer produce it's best offspring of a prize bull and cow	1) The sperm from the bull fertilises the egg from the cow 2) Embryos are developed and split many times 3) and are put into other cows
What are the steps of adult cell cloning?	1) remove the nucleus from an un-fertilised egg 2) put a complete set of chromosomes from an adult body in the 'empty egg' cell 3) when its an embryo it is implanted into mother.
What are the cons of cloning	• fewer different alless in a population • cloned animals might not be as healthy as normal ones BUT ☆ IF IT WAS ALLOWED, any successful attempt will follow many unsuccessful ones... children born severely disabled
What is the definition for genetic engineering	Taking a gene or genes from one living thing and putting them into another living thing.
Describe the process of genetically engineering a human inulin gene	1) take human DNA out of a human cell 2) take the human insulin gene out of the cell using ENZYMES 3) cut bacterium using ENZYMES 4) and then insert the insulin gene 5) the bacterium are grown like mad 6) and are then used to treat diabetes.
What are GM crops?	Crops that have been genetically modified to have that allows them to be : • resistant to herbicides i • resistant to being eaten by insects
What are the negatives about GM crops?	-can effect human health -have negative effect on insect and flower population
What did Charles Darwin do?	He explained how evolution occurred through NATURAL SELECTION.
What is natural selection (Darwins theory)	(Example, etc of rabbit) •so individuals within a species will show variations •so some rabbits might have bigger ears than others • this increases their chance of survival • because they will hear foxes sneaking up on them. • the big eared rabbits will reproduce • resulting in the next generation having BIG ears
How else can evolution be caused	Through mutation that improve characteristics which are then passed onto future generations
What was the conflict between DARWIN and LAMARK all about?	DARWIN: •went against religious beliefs about how life was 1st formed • didn't no much about mutations/genes •not enough evidence to convince scientists LAMARK: •argued if a characteristic was used alot it would be developed •Believed that these characteristics would be passed on ...
Who's theory (Darwin or lamark) was accepted?	• Darwin was accepted and lamark was ignored, • because later research was done to prove the mutations...

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