English Language and Literature terminology

Pregunta	Respuesta
Adjacency pairs	Linked responses. E.g. How are you? Fine thanks. Are you ready? Not quite. Ok. See you later.
Asyndetic list	No Conjunction like 'and' or 'but'. E.g. she was tall, strong, clever, determined.
Syndetic list	Has conjunction like 'and'. E.g. He had potatoes, carrots and peas.
Reported speech	When a speaker's words are referred to but not quoted verbatim. E.g. she said she was fed up with his attitude.
Micropause	A very short pause in a spoken text often indicated in transcripts by a (.). E.g. I suppose.I might try and behave.if I can.
Phatic speech	Friendly often meaningless chit-chat to make contact go smoothly. E.g. nice day today.
Register	Language which fits a context. E.g. formal, informal, colloquial etc. I would like to apply for the position advertised on your website. How about a few drinks tonight, down the pub?
Repair	A self correction in spontaneous speech. E.g. 'I don't like... I'm not sure I'm very fond of English'.
Rhetoric	The technique of using language to persuade people. E.g. political speeches: 'I believe in hope! I believe in the people! I believe in America!' (This is called the rule of three and is a very common rhetorical device).
Rhetorical questions	Questions asked with no intention that anyone should answer them. E.g. Hamlet: ‘What should such fellows as I do crawling between earth and heaven?’
First person	First person: ‘I’. e.g. I was born in a little town in Sussex.
Second person	Second person: ‘you’. E.g. You should have done that, shouldn’t you?
Third person	Third person: he/she/it. E.g. She did not believe what she saw.
Semantic field	Group of words relating to the same topic. E.g. medicine, the law, education, films etc E.g. She collected the bandages from the paramedic in the ambulance, laid him on the stretcher and listened to his heart with a stethoscope .
Sibilance	Special case of alliteration, it means repeated use of the letter or sound ‘s’. E.g. ‘the hissing of summer lawns’.
Soliloquy	A speech delivered by a character on stage who is alone. E.g. famously in Hamlet: ‘To be or not to be…’
Synonym	A word which means the same as another word. E.g. ‘begin’ and ‘commence’. Sometimes words are synonyms but have different connotations: E.g.’ consider ‘smile’ and ‘grin’.
Text	Text is used to mean any piece of written or spoken communication. E.g. a novel, a speech, a bit of a play, a transcript of a phone call etc.
Accent	A set of distinctive pronunciations that mark regional or social identity.
Active voice	A grammatical structure in which the subject is the actor of the sentence. E.g. the dog eats the bone.
Adjective	A word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
Adverb	A word that modifies verbs, adverbs, adjectives, conjunctions and prepositions.
Alliteration	The repetition of the same sound in the initial position in a sequence of words.
Allusion	To refer to something indirectly or metaphorically.
Archaisms	A word or phrase no longer in current use.
Aspirants	Sounds that denote audible breath e.g. h.
Assonance	A repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds.
Auxiliary / Modal verbs	A verb that precedes another verb e.g. I can go.
Bilabials	Term used to denote sounds made with both lips e.g. m, b.
Caesuras	A mid-line pause.
Noun	A naming word.
Collective noun	A name that refers to a group of people, animals or things.
Proper nouns	A name of a distinctive person, place or other unique reference.
Common/concrete noun	They refer to things that exist physically - things in which we can see and feel (everyday items). E.g. table, foot, cottage etc.
Abstract noun	A name to describe things that have no physical qualities.
Compound adjective	An adjective made up of two words joined by a hyphen.
Conceit	A deliberately elaborate metaphor.
Context	Things outside the text which may shape its meaning. E.g. when it was written, and who wrote it.
Co-ordinating conjunction	A word that joins elements of equal rank (and, or, but).
Declarative mood	A mood used to express a statement.
Definite article	'The'.
Deictic	Terms used to denote words that rely on the context to be understood. E.g. pass me that, there.
Dialogue	Language interaction with two or more participants.
Discourse	The study of spoken language.
Double negative	A structure in which more than one negative is used.
Dynamic verbs	A verb that expresses an action rather than a state.
End-focus	A change in the structure of the sentence to place emphasis on a closing sentence element.
Euphemism	A word that replaces a term seen by society as taboo or unpleasant.
Exclamatory mood	A mood that expresses strong emotions.
Foregrounding	A change in the structure of the sentence to place emphasis on an opening sentence element.
Form	The structure and shape of the text.
Fricatives	Sounds where air escapes through a small passage e.g. f, v.
Hyperbole	Exaggeration used to heighten feeling and intensity.
Imagery	A descriptive or metaphorical use of language to create a vivid picture.
Imperative mood	A mood that expresses a command.
Indefinite article	'A'.
Independent main clause	The group of words which carries the core meaning of the sentence.
Interrogative mood	A mood expressing a question.
Intonation	The quality or tone of the voice in speech.
Juxtaposition	To place two or more things side by side.
Lexical set	A group of words joined by similarities.
Litotes	A deliberate understatement.

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