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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| What are the 3 most common causes of cervical swellings? | -stick injury -thyroid tumor -sialocoele |
| What will a thyroid tumour feel like? | Firm |
| What will a stick injury swelling feel like? | bloody saliva/sinus |
| how will a sialocele feel like on palpation? | soft |
| what age is calcium circumscripta most common in? | <1 year olds |
| How will a stick injury generally present? | -bloody saliva -Painful mouth -dull -anorexic |
| What would you expect to see on x-ray of a dog with a stick injury? | -tracking of air down facial plains -soft tissue swelling Note the FB is often a stick which is water logged and so shows up as soft tissue opacity which isn't identifiable |
| Which structure can be damaged in a stick injury which will lower the prognosis significantly? | the oesophagus |
| How should a stick injury be approached? | - stabilise the animal -operate exploring all tracts and removing the lining -give antibiotics only after the surgery as want to be able to see the discharge |
| when examining the oesophageal region is a flexed or static endoscope better? | fixed as it doesn't 'red out' |
| What on an x-ray would suggest that there is oesophagus involvement? | sub cut emphysema, pneumomediastinum and dyspnoea |
| what types of sutures are needed to close the oesophagus? | -interrupted non absorbable layer in the lumen -continuous layer of absorbable sutures -cover with an mental flap for strengthening |
| how should mediastinitis be treated? | -place a drain and flush regularly this carries a poor prognosis |
| how should a ball stuck in the pharynx be treated? | lightly anaesthetise the animal and grab it with forceps |
| what is sialocele? | a soft swelling of the polystomatic sublingual gland |
| what is the liquid which can be aspirated in a sialocele? | honey coloured and gloopy |
| where are the 3 most common places for a sialocele to occur? | under the tongue, pharynx or pharyngeal |
| where do cats tend to get sialocele's and whats the common term for this? | under the tongue called a ranula |
| If the 'drip test' isn't confirmative of sialocele whats the next test? | a sialography- this is extremely difficult |
| what is the treatment for sialocele? | removal of the gland (all three lobes) and placement of the drain |
| what is the theory of where a retropharengeal stick injury comes from? | possibly from an old stick injury |
| how can a retropharyngeal abscess be differentiated from sialocele? | the retropharyngeal abscess is attached under the tongue, not mobile |
| in a cat what is a retropharyngeal abscess commonly associated with? | lymphosarcoma |
| what is sialadenitis and what are the common presentations? | Inflammation of the salivary gland -pain -pyrexia -young animal -hypersalivate |
| what is the treatment for sialadenitis? | steroids or NSAIDs and antibiotics It usually revolves with phenobarbitone but no one knows why |
| what breed is calcium cicrumscripta most commonly seen in? | GSD |
| what are the signs of calcium circumscripta? | -firm mass attached to the cervical vertebrae in a ventrolateral position dx on x-ray |
| when should calcium circumscripta be treated? | when the shoulder movement is prevented, most of the time it will either regress or the animal will grow to hide it |
| Why is calcium circumscripta hard to remove? | the mass isn't demarcated |
| other than the cervical region where may calcium circumscripta be seen? | C1-C2, shoulder and elbow |
| How is calcium circumscripta differentiated from a neoplasia in a hock of an older animal? | Calcium circumscripta doesn't cause demineralisation of bone just mineral deposits |
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