Unit 3 Biopsychology (Neuroscience)

Pregunta	Respuesta
branch of psychology that analyzes how the brain and neurotransmitters influence our behaviors, thoughts and feelings.	Biological Psychologists
a cell that works to carry messages throughout the body	neurons
nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses.	Sensory Neurons
Neurons in the central nervous system that project their axons	Motor Neurons
Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs	Interneurons
neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. (found in the premotor cortex of humans)	Mirror Neurons
Contains the nucleus (brain) of the cell. Tells the cell to fire or not to fire.	Soma (Cell Body)
Wire like structure that extends from the soma to the axon terminal buttons. It is like a highway in which the messages will travel down the neuron.	Axon
The somewhat enlarged, often club-shaped endings by which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells or with effector cells	Axon Terminals (aka buttons synaptic knobs)
The branchy, root like part of the cell that stretches out from the cell body. Dendrites will receive messages from other neurons by grabbing on to neurotransmitters	dendrites
A fatty layer of tissue that surrounds the axon. It helps speed up neural impulses.	myelin sheath
A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.	Action Potential
principle stating if a neuron fires, then it always fires at the same intensity, either all energy or none at all. no in between.	"all-or-none- principle"
When a neuron is not sending a signal	Resting Potential
Threshold The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.	Threshold
The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.	Synapse
Chemicals contained in the terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate. Neurotransmitters fit into receptor cells on the dendrites on other neurons like a key in a lock.	Nerotransmitters
Neurotransmitters that stimulate the brain	Excitatory Nerotransmitters
Transmitters that calm the brain and help create balance	Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
A neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron.	Reuptake
Acetylcholine	organic molecule that acts as a neurotransmitter in many organisms, including humans
a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers	Dopamine
important for managing mood, appetite, sleep, and dreaming	Serotonin
a neurotransmitter, a chemical used by the human nervous system to send messages and modulate its own function; acts in an inhibitory manner, tending to cause nerves to “calm down”	gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
"morphine within" - natural, opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure	Endorphins
the brain and spinal cord	Central Nervous System
the sensory and motor neurons that conetc the central nervous system to the rest of the body	Peripheral Nervous System
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles aka skeletal nervous system	Somatic Nervous System
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs; it's sympathetic division arouses; it's parasympathetic division calms	Autonomic Nervous System
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing it's energy in stressful situations	Sympathetic Nervous System
The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving it's energy	Parasympathetic Nervous System
a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus such as the knee-jerk response	reflexes
the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream	Endocrine System
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream , and affect other tissues	Hormones
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just about the kidneys and help secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress	Adrenal Glands
the endocrine system's most influential gland; under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands	Pituitary Gland
tissue destruction; a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of the brain tissue	Lesion
an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface; these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.	Electroencephalogram (EEG)
A series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by a computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body	Computed Tomography Scan (CT Scan)
an imaging test that can help reveal how your tissues and organs are functioning	Positron Emission Tomography Scan (PET Scan)
an imaging test that uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create pictures of the body	Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans; fMRI scans show brain function.	fMRI (functional MRI)
a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. It includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum	Hindbrain
the base of the brain stem; controls heart-beat and breathing	Medulla
a portion of the hindbrain that connects the cerebral cortex with the medulla oblongata	pons
the "little-brain" at the rear of the brain stem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.	Cerebellum
the smallest region of the brain, but it plays a vital role in how the brain functions	Midbrain
a nerve network in the brain stem that plays an important role in controlling arousal	Reticular Formation
responsible for a variety of functions including receiving and processing sensory information, thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding	Forebrain
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on the top of the brain stem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla	Thalamus
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward	hypothalamus
two Lima-bean sized neurual clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion	Amygdala
a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage	hippocampus
doughnut-shaped neural system (Including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives	Limbic System
the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cell covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.	Cerebral Cortex
controls activities on the right side of the body, and in humans, usually controls speech and language functions	Left Hemisphere
the cerebral hemisphere to the right of the corpus callosum that controls the left half of the body	Right Hemisphere
functional specialization of the brain, with some skills, as language, occurring primarily in the left hemisphere and others, as the perception of visual and spatial relationships, occurring primarily in the right hemisphere.	Brain Lateralization
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them	Corpus Callosum
different parts of the brain related to different brain functions	Lobes
ares of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking	Association Areas
portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments	Frontal Lobe
controls language- an area, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements	Broca's Area
controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe	Wernicke's Area
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage to either Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernick's Area (impairing understanding)	Aphasia
an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements	Motor Cortex
area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement and sensations	Sensory Cortex
portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position	Parietal Lobe
portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.	Occupital Lobe
portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear	Temporal Lobe
refers to the brain's ability to change as a result of experience. These changes can occur as a result of learning new things or because of damage to the brain.	Brain Plasticity
Neuropsychologist and Neurobiologist who was best known for his studies of patients with "split brains"	Roger Sperry
also called face blindness, is an impairment in the recognition of faces	Prosopagnosia
a disorder of the brain that leads to shaking (tremors) and difficulty with walking, movement, and coordination.	Parkinson's Disease
a mental disorder that makes it hard to: Tell the difference between what is real and not real; Think clearly; Have normal emotional responses; Act normally in social situations.	Schizophrenia
an autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord	Multiple Sclerosis
progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain. It is the most common cause of premature senility.	Alzheimer's Disease

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