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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| Majority Language | Spoken by the majority in a country, by the dominant linguistic group and often used as a national and official language |
| Minority Language | Spoken by a minority of the population, status can range from official minority to persecution and stigmatisation. AKA Community language, migrant language, regional language, indigenous language. |
| The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) | Treaty adopted in 1992 to protect and promote historical and minority languages in Europe. |
| National Language | Represents the national identity of a nation or country. 'One nation - one language' used to be promoted. Different from official language, but often the two are often the same. |
| Official Language | Has unique status in a country. Language of administration, legal and political discourse. 50% of countries have no official language |
| Standard Language | Elevated to receive legal or semi-legal status, the most correct form of that language. Taught as a foreign language. |
| Pluricentric language | Language with native speakers which is used in multiple countries, therefore more than one standard variation. |
| Language Islands (Sprachinseln) (Kloss 1967) | Network of speakers of one or several varieties of a certain language (L1) who are geographically dense. Promotes high language maintenance. |
| Core Value Theory (Smolicz 1979, 1981) | Values central to the self-definition of an ethnolinguistic group. When language is a core value, maintenance is high. |
| Linguistic Market Place Value (Haugen 1980, Bourdieu 1982) | Bourdieu: language will persist only while it is useful in economic terms. Haugen: language will persist only while it serves as communication to people we wish to speak to. |
| Domains of Use and Diglossia | Where more than one language or variety of language are used for different social situations, often considered High or Formal and Low or Informal, ie. Standard French and Verlan |
| Abstandsprache | Languages so far apart they are obviously unintelligible, ie. Swedish and Finnish |
| Ausbausprache | Languages which were initially related, but have developed into separate standard languages ie. Swedish and Danish |
| Language Contact | Variations which occur due to the presence of two languages within one speaker, and the interaction and influence that occurs in response. |
| Dialect Contact | Concept of Language Contact applied to dialects as well, used as mutually intelligible varieties whereas LC involves non-mutually intelligible varieties, ie. the mainland Scandinavian languages should be defined as DC instead of LC |
| Accommodation Theory | Explains unnecessary modification of a language for non-fluent speakers. Minority speakers are more likely to accommodate than majority groups. |
| Convergence | Accommodation used to unify, make the L2 speaker feel comfortable |
| Divergence | Accommodation used in order to separate the L1 speaker and the L2 speaker, exclusion |
| Interference and Transference | Bringing one feature from a language to another in a contact situation. |
| Code Switching | Alternate use of two or more languages in the same conversation or interaction. The complete shift from one language to another. |
| Code Mixing | Insertion of a single item from one language to another, but not a complete shift, ie. borrowing. |
| Pidgin | Contact Language with no native speakers. Limited vocab, reduced grammatical structure and narrow range of functions. |
| Pidginisation | Process of language contact situation which results in a pidgin. |
| Creole | Pidgin which has become a mother tongue of a community. Therefore Pidgin and Creole are two points in a single process of linguistic development. |
| Koine | A spoken language of a variety that has become the standard language. |
| Dialect | Variety of a language of a particular group of speakers of that language that are focused in a particular geographical location. |
| Accent | Accent is the pronunciation whereas dialect is the grammatical and vocabulary differences. |
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