Lecture 16_The Problem of Style

Pregunta	Respuesta
Napoleon + Imperial France	Napoleon wanted to express political power + ideals through architecture. Hope to emulate(match/surpass) Imperial Rome.
Image: Picture1 (image/jpg)	Arc de Triomphe (Paris, France)
What is a style?	-visual -structural -coneptual -understood by creators +viewers -kind of language
In the 18th + 19th centuries, why does the concept of a UNIFIED STYLE erode?	-increasing knowledge of HETEROGENEITY of the past -new functions for buildings -Industrial Revolution + New Technology -expression of varied political + social systems
What happens to competition between European nation-states during the 1700s + 1800s?	-competition becomes more heated -England + France (rivals) and the Napoleonic Wars (1803)
How did national gov'ts use architecture to assert the supremacy of their political systems, social structures, + cultural heritages?	used architecture to -symbolize nation as a whole -further more specific goals
Image: Picture18 (image/jpg)	Arc de Triomphe (Paris, France).
Who designed Arc de Triomphe?	Jean Chalgrin
The Arc de Triomphe was designed to...	...commemorate soldiers of French Revolution + Napoleonic Wars.
What arc did Chalgrin base the design for the Arc de Triomphe?	Arch of Titus in Rome, but Chalgrin's Arc de Triomphe is 3x taller.
Image: Picture19 (image/jpg)	Chalgrin's design for Arc de Triomphe was based on Arch of Titus in Rome.
Image: Picture3 (image/jpg)	Arc de Carrousel (Paris, France) Designed by: Fontaine + Percier
Image: Picture4 (image/jpg)	Arch of Constantine (Rome, Italy)
Image: Picture6 (image/jpg)	Napolean
Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (A.W.N. Pugin)	Revival of Gothic Architecture. "Contrasts" book. Architectural question is both moral + social. "Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture".
Image: Picture7 (image/png)	In Pugin's book "Contrasts" he compares a modern town with a medieval town.
Image: Picture8 (image/jpg)	Pugin + the revival of Gothic Architecture. Architectural question is moral + social.
Image: Picture9 (image/jpg)	House of Parliament (Palace of Westminster) (London, England.)
What did the Houses of Parliament symbolize?	symbol of English state. center of debate on architecture, history, + national identity.
Who designed the Houses of Parliament?	Charles Barry + A.W.N. Pugin
Image: Picture10 (image/jpg)	Floor plan for Houses of Parliament. planning + function is modern.
Image: Picture11 (image/jpg)	Houses of Parliament. (London, England). (Barry + Pugin) Details are medieval.
Image: Picture12 (image/jpg)	Houses of Parliament facade. Interpretations of historical English Gothic elements.
Image: Picture13 (image/png)	Houses of Parliament. CHAMBER of the HOUSE OF LORDS. Celebration of English + royal history.
What did the Houses of Parliament represent?	a new type of building: an assembly for a representational gov't.
What fundamental question did new building types bring up for architects?	How could historical elements be used to represent functions that had not existed during earlier times?
Image: Picture14 (image/png)	British Museum. (London, England)
Image: Picture15 (image/png)	The British Museum bought the sculpture from the Parthenon.
Image: Picture16 (image/jpg)	British Museum floor plan. modern layout + function.
Robert Smirke	Greek revival. British Museum.
Who was the designer for the British Museum?	Robert Smirke.
Greek revival architecture	Use of Greek revival architecture common for public projects, a conscious rebuttal of the Roman precedents used in France.
Image: Picture17 (image/jpg)	British Museum. (London, England) Classical Ornament.
What was one of the basic issues that confronted 19th century architects?	The tension between historical elements and modern demands.
Image: Picture16 (image/png)	Altes Museum (Berlin, Germany)
Who designed the Altes Museum?	Karl Friedrich Schinkel
Karl Friedrich Schinkel	Berlin. Altes Museum. Rise of Prussian state.
How does Karl Friedrich Schinkel use the language of classical Greek architecture on the Altes Museum?	to ennoble + educate. museum has no single model.
What serves as inspiration for the entry facade of the Altes Museum?	the Greek stoa
Image: Picture18 (image/jpg)	Altes Museum floor plan.
Image: Picture19 (image/jpg)	the entrance: a vestibule (lobby) for public building
Image: Picture20 (image/jpg)	Altes Museum. (Berlin, Germany) Schinkel inspired by Pantheon from ancient Rome for rotunda of museum.
“The only art that qualifies as historical is that which in some way introduces something additional–a new element–in the world, from which a new story can be generated and the thread taken up anew.”	Karl Friedrich Schinkel
John Nash	represents an era in which the scope of historical knowledge seemed to be expanding rapidly
What excavations broadened European knowledge of antiquity?	The excavations of Pompeii and surveys of Athens
What brought attention to India, China, and other parts of the eastern hemisphere?	Trade + colonization
John Nash	worked in multiple “styles” as appropriate to different circumstances
What style is the Altes Museum built in?	Neoclassical
Image: Picture21 (image/png)	Regent's Park. John Nash. In 1811, the Crown takes possession of Marylebone Park and begins developing the area under Nash’s designs.
Image: Picture22 (image/jpg)	Royal Pavilion (Brighton, England)
Who designed the Royal Pavilion?	John Nash
How does the Royal Pavilion use exotic motifs?	In the English Picturesque tradition, the Royal Pavilion uses exotic motifs for novel effects, showing the wide range of sources used in this period.
Image: Picture23 (image/jpg)	Royal Pavilion. (Brighton, England) Exterior of older building is remodeled to evoke the architecture of the Mughal Empire in India (Taj Mahal)
Image: Picture24 (image/jpg)	Royal Pavilion section. (Brighton, England) Banqueting Room, center. Kitchen, right.
Image: Picture25 (image/jpg)	Royal Pavilion. (Brighton, England) English patrons and designers had been using Chinese motifs since the mid-1700s; here again, the heterogeneity of the past is evoked.
Who was the designer for the Royal Pavilion?	Robert Jones
Image: Picture29 (image/jpg)	Royal Pavilion Banqueting Room. (Brighton, England)
Image: Picture27 (image/jpg)	Royal Pavilion Music Room. (Brighton, England)
Who designed the Music Room of the Royal Pavilion?	Frederic Crace
Image: Picture28 (image/jpg)	Royal Pavilion floor plan. (Brighton, England)
Image: Picture29 (image/jpg)	Royal Pavilion Music Room. (Brighton, England)
Image: Picture30 (image/png)	Royal Pavilion Kitchen. (Brighton, England) John Nash.
What does the use of iron in the Royal Pavilion kitchen show us?	Use of iron shows a different aspect of 19th century English architecture: the increasing use of industrial materials.
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?	Great Britain.
During the Industrial Revolution, an economy based on manual labor was replaced by...	...one based on machines and other sources of energy (e.g. Watt’s steam engines).
What was transformed as a result of the Industrial Revolution + New Technology?	Rural landscape, urban centers, + society as a whole.
How is time reorganized during the Industrial Revolution?	Quantified + Regularized.
What changes occur in spatial relationships during the Industrial Revolution?	more efficient transportation shrinks distances; new sources of power change industrial buildings.
What do new paradigms (patterns) of structure and construction do to styles?	new materials and techniques DISRUPT the relationship between structure and historical styles.
What occurs between historical modes of space + structure and new modes?	Tensions
Image: Picture32 (image/jpg)	Crown Street Railroad Station. (Liverpool, UK)
What does the railroad symbolize?	symbol of modernity
What do train stations symbolize?	the great portal to the cities
What do train stations become in the 19th century?	major urban building types
What becomes a major urban building type in the 19th century?	Train stations
Image: Picture33 (image/jpg)	Midland Hotel, St. Pancras Station (left) + King’s Cross Station. (London, England)
Image: Picture34 (image/jpg)	King's Cross Station. (London, England) Lewis Cubitt.
What question did architects struggle with during the 19th century?	How to design a building type with no historical precedents?
Image: 54 (image/jpg)	King's Cross Station. (London, England) Lewis Cubbit.
Who designed King's Cross Station?	Lewis Cubbit.
What is the facade of King's Cross Station reminiscent of?	façade forms, reminiscent of ancient Roman baths, screen the iron-and-glass sheds behind
Image: 55 (image/jpg)	King's Cross Station. (London, England) Lewis Cubbit.
Image: Picture35 (image/jpg)	King's Cross Station. (London, England)
Image: Picture36 (image/png)	Midland Hotel + St. Pancras Station. (London, England)
Who was the architect + engineers of the Midland Hotel + St. Pancras Station?	GG. Scott (architect). Barlow and Ordish (engineers)
What reconciliation occurs with the combination of the Midland Hotel + St. Pancras Station?	Combination of hotel with train stations requires reconciliation of “architecture” and “engineering.”
Image: Picture37 (image/jpg)	Midland Hotel + St. Pancras Station exterior. (London, England) Shows High Victorian Gothic mode of ornament.
Image: Picture38 (image/jpg)	Midland Hotel + St. Pancras Station staircase. (London, England) Shows High Victorian Gothic mode of ornament.
Image: Picture39 (image/png)	St. Pancras Station. (London, England) Barlow and Ordish, engineers.
Image: Picture40 (image/jpg)	St. Pancras Station. (London, England) Barlow and Ordish, engineers.
Image: Picture41 (image/jpg)	St. Pancras Station. (London, England) Barlow and Ordish, engineers.
Image: Picture42 (image/jpg)	Comparison of Train Shed Spans. Train sheds quickly exceeded all previous spans, bringing a new scale to enclosed space.
What is the approximate span of St. Pancras station?	243'
Compared to the Panthenon, how much greater is the span of St. Pancras station?	Span of St. Pancras is 71% greater than that of the Pantheon (the historical measure of grand interior space)
Image: Picture44 (image/jpg)	Crystal Palace, International Exposition. (London, England) (1851). Joseph Paxton.
“In contemplating the first great building which was not of solid masonry spectators were not slow to realize that here the standards by which architecture had hitherto been judged no longer held good.”	an observer from Prussia
Image: 1 (image/jpg)	Crystal Palace, International Exposition. (London,England) Joseph Paxton.
Why was the Crystal Palace so controversial + so challenging for architects?	Joseph Paxton was a gardener not architect or engineer. Made of glass not stone/timber.
What purposes did great international exhibitions of the 19th century serve?	They were showcases for products, craft, + buildings.
Who was the "architect" for the Crystal Palace, International Expo.?	Joseph Paxton
Image: 2 (image/jpg)	Crystal Palace, International Expo. (London, England) Joseph Paxton. A modern system of iron + glass.
Where was the modular system of iron + glass used on the Crystal Palace derived from ?	greenhouse buildings.
Image: 3 (image/png)	Crystal Palace, International Expo. (London, England) Joseph Paxton.
Image: 4 (image/png)	Crystal Palace, International Expo. (London, England) Joseph Paxton.
Image: 5 (image/png)	Coalbrookdale Bridge. (England) Pritchard + Darby.
Coalbrookdale Bridge. (england)	important early site for iron production. first cast-iron bridge. form+construction show early date.
Image: 6 (image/png)	Coalbrookdale at Night (1801). Philipp Jakob Loutherbourg the Younger.
Image: 7 (image/png)	Coalbrookdale Bridge. (England). constructed of cast-iron. assembled w/carpentry techniques based on wood construction. lightness compared to masonry arched bridges (Pont du Gard)
Image: 8 (image/png)	Brooklyn Bridge. John Roebling + Washington Roebling.
It so happens that the work which is likely to be our most durable monument, and to convey some knowledge of us to the most remote posterity, is a work of bare utility, not a shrine, not a fortress, not a palace, but a bridge.	Harpers Weekly (1883)
Image: 9 (image/png)	Brooklyn Bridge. John Roebling + Washington Roebling.
Through the bound cable strands, the arching path Upward, veering with light, the flight of strings,– Taut miles of shuttling moonlight syncopate The whispered rush, telepathy of wires. Up the index of night, granite and steel– Transparent meshes–fleckless the gleaming staves– Sibylline voices flicker, waveringly stream As though a god were issue of the strings. . . .	The Bridge (excerpt; 1930). Hart Crane.
Image: 10 (image/png)	Brooklyn Bridge (1918). Joseph Stella.

Siguiente

Descripción

Resumen del Recurso

Similar

	Creado por denise.garcia45 hace más de 10 años