HIST 1265: Midterm Exam

Pregunta	Respuesta
Zollverein	German customs union est. in 1834 under Prussian leadership, a free-trade area throughout much of Germany (no Austria), important step in German reunification, championed by Friedrich List
Friedrich List	German-U.S. economist and industrialist who believed tariffs on imported goods would stimulate domestic development in fledgling economy like Germany's, sought to abolish tariff barriers within the German states, book (National System of Political Economy)
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm	university professors, classic collections of folk songs and folktales, Jacob's work in historical linguistics and Germanic philology (grammar of German languages), 1840 went to Berlin to start writing large German dictionary
Frantisek Palacky	founder of modern Czech historiography, supported the Austro-Slavic conception of a federal Austria, composed of nationalities with equal rights, chairman of the Prague Slavic congress in 1848, attended the constituent assembly that met in Kremsier in 1848–49, letter to Frankfurt Parliament
Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War)	1866 war: Prussia versus Austria (+Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, and certain minor German states), Prussian victory at Kommgratz -> exclusion of Austria from Germany, Treaty of Prague, alliance with Italy, organization of North German Confederation
Schleswig-Holstein War	1864: Prussia and Austria declare war on Denmark, first of the three wars that Bismarck used to unify Germany, Bismarck wanted the two territories for Prussia, Denmark refused independence, Austria not happy with Prussia, Treaty of Vienna in Oct. 1864 -> joint Prussia-Austria custody
Frauen-zeitung	Women’s newspaper, founded during revolutions of 1848, more women’s involvement in politics and society, some radicals wanted suffrage, Less censorship, freedom of assembly and rise of civil society, Backlash to the women’s movement through political cartoons, macho-misogynistic attitude
Franco-Prussian War	1870-1871: Napoleon III declared war on Prussia, overconfident French, Prussian military very organized and won, marked end of French hegemony in continental Europe, creation of unified Germany
Johann Gottfried von Herder	German philosopher, radical and wanted democracy, "Volk", highly appealing to the Poles, greater German state unified by German culture, ethnic nationalism, a nation is a inner consciousness shared by a group of people (food culture, language, holidays, stories, etc.), nation is separate from state
Klemens von Metternich	Austrian statesman, champion of conservatism and "the reaction", created balance of power in Congress of Vienna, tried to keep monarchs in contact and help each other crush uprisings,1848 fled to London, oppression, censorship, “the reaction” and the “old order”
Guiseppe Garibaldi	1848 with the Red Shirts: win military victories minutemen style, claimed Sicily and Naples, mobilized grass roots forces, south of Italy, allowed Cavort’s system to work, popular radicalism, kneels before Vittorio Emanuele II in Rome, rather have peace and unity
Vittorio Emmanuel	direct result of revolutions of 1848-49: King of Pedemont-Sardinia, King of Italy, declared war on Austria, drive them out of Italy, declared himself King of Italy, allied with the Prussians in 1866, took Rome after Prussia defeated France, revival of nationalist spirit <- Bismarck utilized this
Camillo Cavour	British, promoter of railroads, free trade, secularism, staunch opponent of revolutionary activity, conservative moderate, loved monarchy, loved Pedemonte’s dominance and independence, unification of Italy in 1861 under House of Savoy, himself PM
Joseph Radezky	Austrian military commander, fought for Austria against Italian insurgents in 1848, reclaimed Italy for Austria, victory for counter-revolutionaries
Robert Blum	Leading revolutionary figure in Saxony, revolt in Liepzig, leftists group of the Frankfurt Parliament, popular sovereignty (men and women), 1848 joined revolutionary forces, executed despite diplomatic immunity in Vienna October 1848, opposed ethnocentrism, no one people should rule over another
Max Weber	1919: A political unit is "a 'state' if and insofar as its administrative staff successfully upholds a claim on the monopoly of the legitimate use of violence in the enforcement of its order.
Ernest Gellner	Nationalism is primarily a political principle, which holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent. It is nationalism which engenders nations, and not the other way round. Nations, like states, are a contingency, and not a universal necessity
Rogers Brubaker	1956: A nation is a category of practice, how does it work practically and institutionally
1848 Revolutions in Europe	revolutions all over the middle of Europe in transition states, none in Netherlands, Belgium, and England (these are all industrialized), none in Russia or the Ottoman Empire (largely agricultural), agricultural (harvest failures 1846-47) and economic crises—many blame the state, spurred by Paris revolts in 1848 after Louis-Philippe abdicated the throne
Frederick William IV	crown prince of Prussia, was a liberal (pretending to gain favor with the revolutionaries), but when he became king, immediately becomes conservative
Ferdinand I	crown prince of Austria, later Emperor, never able to consummate his marriage; illiterate and can’t speak well; “benevolent idiot” and absolute monarchy
King Ludwig	King of Bavaria, rumors of affairs with Lola Montez
March 1848 Revolts in Prussia	Frederic William IV's troops fire into the crowd, 300 die at the protest, mostly men aged 20-35, majority were craftsmen, journeymen, masons, etc., Frederic scared and embarrassed, forced to review every dead civilian, attends the funeral, later rides through Berlin to crowds cheering as he wears the black-red-gold armband
Revoltella	encourages global trade, notion of entitlement, thinks Austria is always going to be powerful
Frankfurt Parliament	mostly liberal, moderate gradual reform, offers crown of Germany to Frederick William, but he rejects it calls it a dog collar, released the constitution finally and most princes do not accept it
Otto von Bismarck	raised as a Junker but wanted to be civil servant, LOVED Prussia, wholly politically conservative, white revolutionary, a conservative with a revolutionary fervor, devout Protestant, seizes God-given opportunities, political opportunist, push forward his agenda, principles limit you, protect Prussian power and institutions
Franz Joseph	was trained since an infant to be an Emperor, trained as a soldier, knows many languages, 1848 he was 18 years old, never made a promise for a constitution, continues to be Emperor of Austria until 1916 (when he died at age 68), an extremely long and ridiculous list of titles, "Austria marries"
Ausgleich Compromise of 1867	Divides the Austrian monarchy into two halves: Hungary and Austria, share an army/navy/etc, a diplomatic core, don’t have the same constitution or parliament, new constitution in Austria, lots of civil liberties, imperial representation (parliament), The Emperor is “irresponsible (independent), inviable” etc

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