Higher-order Cognition

Pregunta	Respuesta
prospection	uniquely human form of intelligence that enables us to think about far future events; what is the optimal way to make decisions about the far future?
expected utility	at any one point, try to maximize returns from interactions with the environment
expected value	odds of gain x value of gain
ventromedial PFC	"common currency in brain"; tracks amount people value things
PFC	prefrontal cortex; distinguishes humans; not as optimized as it could be
errors of odds	bad judgment in odds
risk vs. uncertainty	unknown event with measurable probability (winning a coin toss) vs. unknown event with no measurable probability (winning a war)
error of odds: sample size neglect	people don't realize that the larger the sample size, the closer to expectations/true probability
law of large numbers	when sample size is large, average property of sample closely resembles average property of the population from which it was drawn
gambler's fallacy	belief that likelihood of chance event is influenced by nature of the events that preceded it
conjunction fallacy	we forget that p(x) greater than or equal to p(x+y)
representativeness heuristic	estimate likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype in our minds
availability bias	overestimate likelihood of events based off information that is more readily available to them
planning fallacy	people in general are bad at predicting how long things take
errors of valuation	mistakes in determining how much an outcome is worth
presentism	we make decisions based off how we currently feel
prospect theory	describes the way people choose between probabilistic alternatives that involve risk, where the probabilities of outcomes are known; steeper for losses than for gains
endowment effect	tendency to overvalue current possessions; losses loom larger than gains
temporal discounting	tendency of people to discount rewards as they approach a temporal horizon in the future or the past
delay of gratification	correlates with... planning and thinking ahead resistance to temptation ability to cope with frustration social competence verbal fluency/expression SAT scores
affective forecasting	prediction of one's affect (emotional state) in the future
impact bias	overestimating intensity and duration of emotional reactions to events
Hedonic set point	people return to stable state of happiness despite changes

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	Creado por Sneha Mittal hace alrededor de 8 años