Medical Terminology - Chapter 15 - Nervous System

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Medial Terminology- Chapter 15- Nervous System
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Pregunta Respuesta
Nerve Fiber Process or projection of Axon or nerve cells
Aura Sensation come before a physical and mental disorder- example seizures and migrains
Neurotransmitters Chemical messengers released by electrical impulses at the end of the axon
Afferent Sensory= transmits impulses from sensory receptors in skin, sense organs and internal organs to the CNS (brain and spinal cord.
Efferent motor= transmits from the CNS (brain and spinal cord to effectors, muscles and glands
Blood Brain Barrier Blockage formed by astrocytes- that blocks specific substances from entering the brain tissue.
Limbic System Complex neural system beneath the cerebrum that control base emotions and memory
Neurolemma Nerve Husk- PNS - additional external myelin sheath formed by schwann cells on axons
Ventricle Organ chamber or cavity that holds fluid
Aneurysm Aneurysm- dilation or weakness in arterial wall where branching occurs
Homeostasis regulation mechanisms 1. Receptor- receives stimuli, signal sent to the control center 2. Control center processes and send command to the effect or by motor nerve 3. Effect or- produces action to stabilize
Central Nervous System (CNS) (Function) 1. Brain- center of thought and emotion, interpretation of sensory stimuli and coordination of body functions 2. Spinal cord- main pathway for transmission of information between the brain and body
Peripheral Nervous System (Nerves in Cranial and Spinal) 1.Cranial nerves- 12 pairs -act in both a motor and sensory capacity 2. Spinal Nerves- 31 pairs emerge from the spine -both motor and sensory capacities
Autonomic nervous system (2 divisions) Sympathetic (fight or flight) Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
Cranial Nerves (12) 1.Olfactory-2.Optic-3.Oculomotor- 4.trochlear- 5.trigeminal-6.Abducens - 7.Facial- 8.vetibibulocochlear- 9. Glossopharyngeal- 10. Vague- 11. Accessory- 12. Hypoglossal
cerebr/o Cerebrum- smart part of the brain controlling personality- upper region
crani/o Cranium (skull)
encephal/o In the brain
Gangli/o Knot or knot-like mass
Kinesis/0 Kino Kinesia movement
Lept/o thin, slender minenges
Lex/o Word or phrase
Mening/o Meningi/o Meanings (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)
Myel/o Bone marrow, spinal cord
narc/o Stupor, numbness, sleep
dendr/o Tree-like branching- describes densities- part of the nerve cell- receives stimulus
Neur/o nerve
Radicul/o Nerve root - come together in spinal nerves
Sthen/o strength
Thalam/o Thalamus (sensory relay station)
Ton/o Tension
Ventricle Large chamber, of the heart or brain
-algesia -algia pain
-asthenia Weakness, debility
-esthesia feeling
-kinesia movement
-lepsy seizure
-peresis PARTIAL Paralysis
-plegia Total paralysis (4 limbs)
-phasia speech
-taxia Coordination or order
Para Near, besides, beyond
syn- Union together, joined
Uni One
Psycho mind
Ef Away from
Af toward
Somat/o Soma Some body
Soma Some Body
Gli/o Glia Glue
Autism Condition of self- extreme withdrawal- in fantasy world - inability to communicate
Bipolar Disorder Mental disorder - unusual shifts in mood, emotion, energy, and the ability to function; also called manic depressive illness
Bulimia nervosa Eating disorder - binge and purge
depression Mood disorder- sadness, despair, discouragement and commonly, feeling of low self esteem, guilt and withdrawl
Mania Mood disorder -mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganized behavior, excessively elevated mood
Neurosis Non-psychotic mental disorder that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior
psychosis Break from reality- major emotional disorder in which contact with reality is lost to the point that the individual is incapable of meeting the challenges of daily life
Panic Attacks Sudden intense feeling of fear that comes without warning
Hallucinations See and hear things that are not there
Delusions When you have a thought that is not true- example a person that thinks they can fly
agnosia Condition of not knowing
asthenia Without strength - Weakness
ataxia No opening
Closed Head Trauma Injury to the head-no opening- brain tissue not exposed- Duran mater remains in tact
coma Abnormally deep unconciousness
dementia Cognitive decline (function intellectually) memory problems
dyslexia Difficulty with learning and processing words into meaningful information - difficulty with reading writing and speech
Cerebral Palsy group of non-aggressive disorders with some degree of motor impairment(paresis or pelagic) caused by brain damage in a perinatal period
Gillian - Barre syndrome Inflammatory process in myelin sheath of peripheral nerve- could have weakness or paralysis
Herpes Zoster Shingles
Huntington Chorea Degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by quick involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration- in the basal nuclei at the base of the cerebrum
Hydrocephalus 1. Acquired 2. Congenital Water on the brain in ventricles 1. Acquired = develops at birth or any time afterward as a result of injury or disease 2. congenital= caused by factors that occur during fetal development or as a result of genetic abnormalities
Parkinson Disease (opposite from Huntington Chorea) Degenerative disease- Bottom of cerebrum (black substances)- has too much control of accessory movement- resulting in stiffness, shaking
Nerosis Mental illness that involves emotion- sometimes triggered by some event of the past
psychosis Major thought disorder- lose contact with reality
anencephaly Congenital deformity in which some or all of fetal brain is missing
Spinal bifid Defect of neural tube- brain and spinal cord do not form correctly
Meningocele Form of spinal bifida in which at he spinal cord develops properly but the meanings protrude through the spine
myelomeningocele Most severe form of spinal bifida in which the spinal cord and meanings protrude through the spine
Occulta Form of spinal bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin
palsy Paralysis usually partial and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor
Palsy (bell) Facial paralysis - common - 7th cranial nerve issue
Palsy (cerebral) type of paralyze that affects movement and body position and some times speech and learning ability
paralysis Loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation
Paralysis (hemiplegia) One side paralysis (right or left)
Paralysis (paraplegia) Lower limbs
Paralysis (quadriplegia) Paralysis from neck down (4 limbs)
paraesthesia Sensation of numbness, pickling, tingling or heightened sensitivity
polyomyelitis Inflammation of gray matter of the brain or spinal cord and bone marrow- caused by virus resulting in paralysis
Reye syndrome Disease - process where the brain and liver is destroyed and fat takes a larger presence
Syncope fainting
electroencephalography Recording of electrical activity in the brain
electromyography Recording of electrical signals in the muscle
Tonic clonic seizure Tonic= stiffness clonic = jerking and shaking
Transient ischemic attack Temporary decrease in oxygen of the blood flow to the brain
Lumbar puncture Lower back- needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid
Nerve conduction velocity Test that measures speed in which electrical impulses travel through a nerve
cryosurgery Destroy tissue with freezing cold method
stereostatic radiosurgery SRS Precisely focused radiation beams used to treat tumors or other abnormal growths
thalamotomy Partial destruction of the Thalamus to treat intractable pain
tractomy transversely cutting of nerve tracts (clusters of cell processes in the CNS)
Nerve tracts Clusters of cell processes in the CNS
trephination Cut a circular hole in the skull to relieve pressure in the brain
Nerves Clusters of cell processes in the PNS consists of cranial and spinal nerves
Ventriculoperitoneal shunting relieves intracranial pressure due to hydrocephalus by diverting excess cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles into the peritoneal or thoracic cavity
Cerebral spinal fluid analysis Lab test to examine a sample of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord
angiography Recording of vessel with contrast
Computed tomography angiography (CTA) Angiography in combination with CT scan to produce a high resolution three dimensional image of the blood vessel
discography CT scan of the lumbar region- with contrast
echoencephalography Ultrasound technique to study intracranial structures- with contrast
Magnetic source imaging MSI Non- invasive neuroimaging technique to pinpoint the specific location where seizure activity originates
myelography x ray t detect pathology of the spinal cord including location of the spinal cord injury, cysts and tumors following injection of contrast medium
Positron emission tomography CT that recordspositions of positiveloy charged particles emitted from radiopharmaceutical and produces a cross sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease
anesthesia Partial or complete loss of sensation or feeling
Anesthesia (general) Act upon the brain to produce a loss of feeling with a loss of consciousness
Anesthesia (nerve block) Regional anesthestic
antiparkinsonsian agents Control tremors and muscle rigidity associated with the disease
antipsychotics treat psychosis and schizophrenia by altering chemicals in the brain, including the limbic system which controls muscles
antidepressants treat multiple symptoms of depression by increasing levels of specific neurotransmitters
hypnotics depress the central nervous system functions. promote sedation and sleep, and relieve agitation, anxiousness and restlessness
psychostimulants increase psychomotor activities in most patients by increasing neurotransmitters- induce tem improvements in mental or physical functions - reduce fatigue , promotes alertness- used for ADHD patients to improve concentration and impulse control
CNS central nervous system
CSF Cerebralspinal fluid
CVA cerebrovascular accident
EMG Electromyography
EEG Electroencephalography
LOC Loss of control
LP Lumbar puncture
PNS Peripheral nervous system
TIA transient ischemic attack
ANS Autonomic nervous system
Vagectomy interruption of the function of the vagus nerve to relieve peptic ulcer disease
Neuron a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell. Sends Signals: afferent and efferent
Neuroglia Nerve Glue- bind neurons and tissues together - supply nutrients & O2- assist in metabolic activities - plays and important role when the nervous system suffers and injury or infection. they do not transmit signals
Nerve Impulse a progressive wave of electric and chemical activity along a nerve fiber that stimulates or inhibits the action of a muscle, gland, or other nerve cell.
Neuroglia CNS Type (1 of 4) Astrocytes 1. Astrocytes-star shaped, serves as mechanical support to neurons-forms tight covering around capillaries of brain (blood brain Barrier)
Neuroglia CNS Blood Brain Barrier BBB- keeps specific germs and substances from entering delicate tissues of the brain
Neuroglia CNS Type (2 of 4) Oligodendrocytes Helps with the development of fatty insulation myelin sheath on the neurons of the CNS "hot dog wrap"
Nueroglia CNS Type (3 of 4) Microglia very small in size but function like a macrophages; are phagocytes and help fight infection
Neuroglia CNS Type (4 or 4) Ependyma ciliated cells, line fluid filled cavities of CNS especially ventricles - help with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
Neuroglia in PNS (1 of 1) Schwann cell forms myelin (insulation with "jelly roll")wrap
Difference in the CNS and PNS 1. CNS = center of nervous system (brain and spinal cord 2. PNS= periphery of nervous system-cranial and spinal nerves and sensory receptors
Neuron Structure (1 of 3) Cell body 1. cell body- enlarged main structure also called soma - contains nucleus, organelles and cytoplasm
Neuron Structure Dendrite- (2 of 3) (part of the branching cytoplasmic process) receives and transmits impulses to the cell body- many tiny branches (like on trees)
Neuron structure - Axon (3 of 3) Branching of the cytoplasmic process Main branch from cell body -transmits impulses to muscles, glands and other neurons- end of axon is called the terminal- button-like end of terminal is called the synaptic knob
Synapse A place where a signal passes from one nerve cell to another - passes from an axon to another excitable membrane- plasma membrane of an effector or another neuron
Axon Terminal Function refers to the end of an axon or an axon branch, which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target (with the help of the synaptic knob at the end of the terminal)
Mininges - Dura Mater (connective tissue protective membranes) (1 of 3) Dura Mater- outer most membrane, strong fibrous connective tissue (name means - hard or tough mother
Mininges (Arachnoid Mater) (connective tissue protective membranes) (2 of 3) Arachnoid Mater- middle membrane "spider-web-like"; spinal fluid circulation in space below it (name means spider-like mother)
Mininges (Pia Mater) (connective tissue protective membranes) (3 of 3) Pia Mater- inner most delicate membrane on surface of brain and spinal cord- contains blood vessels and lymphatics that nourish outer brain; means "tender little mother"
White Matter (location and function) Bundles of myelinated axons sheath (gives white color) • Located in and around the outside of the Spinal Cord • In the Brain, the Matter is towards the inside under the gray matter • Peripheral Nerves of (PNS) and all tracts in CNS.
Gray Matter Contains mostly nerve cell bundles and Unmyelinated fibers (looks gray or pink due to organelles in cytoplasm) - Location -• In the Spinal Cord, the matter shows a "H" or "Butterfly" shape in the center. • In the Brain, it is the outer covering of Brain matter. • Within the inside of the Brain, you have Nuclei. • Nuclei are centers of ____ matter within the white matter.
Brain Structures Cerebrum (1 of 7) 2 upper halves (L&R), separated by longitudal fissure-5 lobes- 4 lobes named (bones they cover) 1.frontal, 2.parietal, 3.temporal, 4.occipital - The other is the insula posterior end of lateral sulcus
Brain Structures - Cerebrum- Corpus Collosum (2 of 7) Corpus Collosum- largest white matter fiber tract- it is "C" shaped- connects cerebral hemispheres- allows for communication between the L&R sides of the brain
Brain Structures Cerebrum - Cerebra surface = Gyri and Sulci (3 of 7) Cerebral Surface: 1. Gyri- folds or elevated ridges on cerebral surface 2. Sulci- shallow fissures or grooves, separates gyri
Brain Structures - Cerebrum - Cerebral Cortex -(4 of 7) Cerebra Cortex (approximately 3/4 of brain)- thin layer of gray matter on the surface made of millions of cell bodies
Brain Structures - Cerebrum - Cerebral White Matter -(5 of 7) Myelinated axons
Brain Structures - Cerebrum - Basal Nuclei-(6 of 7) Masses of gray matter deep in cerebrum; regulates and organizes accessory movements (old name Basal Ganglia)
Brain Structures - Cerebrum - Substancia Nigra-(7 of 7) functionally part of the basal nuclei; located in the mid brain- name means (black substance)
Brain Structures - Diencephalon - (1 of 4) Innerbrain with 2 main structures which are the thalamus and hypothalamus- and the limbus system border
Brain Structures - Diencephalon - Thalamus-(1 of 3) "relay station" for sensory input (shaped like a football)- accepts sensory stimuli except olfactory; then processes and transmits them to cerebral cortex
Brain Structures - Diencephalon - Hypothalamus-(2 of 3) responsible for "basic animal instincts" drives (thirst, hunger, sex)- regulates temperature, fluid balance, and many endocrine functions- considered the center of the autonomic nervous system
Brain Structures - Diencephalon - Limbus System Border -(3 of 3) Functional group of nuclei and tracts between cerebrum and diencephalon- contains "motivational system"- emotions and feelings- fear, anger, pleasure
Brain Structures - Brain Stem (1 of 5) pathway or highway for impulses between brain and spinal cord. called primary brain- because it is responsible for beginning and end of life
Brain Structures - Brain Stem Midbrain (2 of 5) also called thee mesencephalon (middle brain), connects cerebrum with brain stem
Brain Structures - Brain Stem Pons (3 of 5) "bridge"; looks like a "bulges"; controls certain patterns of respiration- has myelinated axons that connects midbrain to medulla
Brain Structures - Brain Stem Medulla Oblongata (4 of 5) attaches to spinal cord; controls vital signs, looks like "small bulges"- controls respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate- contains involuntary centers; cough, sneeze, etc.
Brain Structures - Brain Stem Decussation of the pyramid (5 of 5) fibers of motor neurons that cross over from one side of the brain to the other side
Somatic nervous system (SNS) Somatic= 1.(voluntary) associated with voluntary movement (walking talking-operates through conscious control) -2. transmits sensory info to the brain and spinal cord - 3. transmits motor info from brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) (2 divisions) (Involuntary)- associated with involuntary movement; operates without conscious control- digestion, heart contraction, vasoconstriction and gland secretion - consists of nerve fibers that 1. transmit sensory information to the brain and spinal cord 2. transmits motor information from brain and spinal cord to glands, and smooth and cardiac muscle tissue- Important Note- there are two divisions of the ANS= parasympathetic and sympathetic
Sympathetic Nervous System Active and acute stress or crises situations (fight/fright/ flight)- decreases gastrointestinal activity
Parasympathetic Nervous System Active during normal body functions "digest/rest/nest" 1. stimulates blood flow to gastrointestinal tract and increases its activity- 2. slows heart rate. decreases breathing and blood pressure
Spinal Nerves 31 pairs- (mixed- sensory and motor) exits spinal cord between spaces
Leptomininges term for arachnoid and pia mater because of thinness and delicacy
Mostrar resumen completo Ocultar resumen completo

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