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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| What marked the beginning of the industrial Revolution and when was it? | Invention of the steam engine by James Watt in 1765 |
| What profession came into being as a result of the Industrial Revolution? | The professional designer |
| What occurred in towns and cities during the Industrial Revolution? | Population explosion |
| How did crafted products change? | From expensive and time consuming work to relatively inexpensive machine work |
| How did production change for ordinary working people? |
The could now afford products previously exclusively available to the rich
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| What kind of culture is mass-consumerism often known as? |
Throw away culture
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| How has the throw-away culture grown? | People's wants are satisfied by continuous production |
| When did mass consumerism as we know it develop? | 1930s |
| How did living conditions effect production? |
Standard of living improved
Innovative new products for the home, especially electricals
Demand for new products increased
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| Which industries became an important tool in selling products? |
Advertising, marketing, packing and styling
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| Which design movements were important at this time and why? | Art Deco - luxury Streamlining - aesthetics in marketing |
| How did things change after WW2? | A period of hardship as countries struggled to recover |
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What happened in the 1950's, where did it start and where did it go?
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A consumer society, stemming from America from the birth of the teenager Spread to Europe |
| What has made children a target as new consumers? | TV and computers in children's rooms |
| What does Sue Palmer's 'Detoxing Childhood' outline? | Key marketing strategies used to target children as new consumers |
| What are the key marketing strategies outlined by Palmer? (hint: there are 3) | -Growing older younger -Gotta catch em' all -The culture of cool |
| What does Palmer mean by 'Kids are growing older younger'? |
Exploits children's yearning to play 'grown ups'
e.g. mini supermarkets or briefcases
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| What does Palmer mean by 'Gotta catch em' all'? | Plays on a child's natural urge to collect things, new sets released (so you never really catch em' all...) |
| What does Palmer mean by 'The culture of cool'? | Plays on a child's need to be accepted by wearing the right brands |
| What potential issues are there with targeting children as new consumers? | -What message does it give to children as they grow up? -What are the pressures on children? -What are the pressures on parents? |
| What is built in obsolescence? | Designing products that wear out or become outmoded after limited use |
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What are the four forms of built in obsolescence?
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Technological Postponed Physical Style |
| What is technological built-in obsolescence? |
Companies forced to introduce new products with increased technological features almost immediately to stay ahead of competition
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| What is postponed built-in obsolescence? | Companies launch a new product even though they have the technology to release a better product at the time |
| What is physical built-in obsolescence? | The design of a product determines its lifespan |
| What is style built-in obsolescence? | Changes in fashion trends make existing products seem out of date, forcing the consumer to replace them with more fashionable goods |
| How did the advent of mass production effect employment? |
The craftsperson has been replaced by low-skilled workers in highly mechanised factories
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| How were low skilled workers be exploited in the industrial revolution? |
Low wages
Sweatshops
Poverty
Pollution
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| Which two categories can factory workers be divided into? | High-skilled technical roles Low-skilled manual roles |
| What are high-skilled technical roles? | Setting up and maintaining machinery. Higher pay for these workers |
| What are low-skilled manual roles? | Specialised repetitive tasks on production lines. Poor job satisfaction and lower pay |
| What advantages have computers brought to the development and manufacture of products? | -Quick turnaround jobs -Printers with fast delivery times -Reduced development times and costs |
| How can CTP produce on-demand printing? |
Computer-to-plate (CTP) technology allows design data to be transferred onto the plate directly from a laser engraver that forms the plate
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| What are the advantages of digital printing? |
-No printing plates needed
-Saves time and costs
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| What happens in post-press and what is its advantage? | Printed materials can be die cut, folded, glue or bound using automated machinery Efficient workflow |
| What three key developments have allowed miniaturisation of products and components? | 1-Advanced integrated circuits (ICs) 2-Advanced battery technology 3-Advanced liquid crystal displays (LCDs) |
| What do Advanced integrated circuits allow? | Allow more circuitry to be included on each microchip |
| What does Advanced battery technology allow? | Rechargeable batteries, storing a lot of energy in smaller, thinner and lightweight cells |
| What do Advanced liquid crystal displays enable? |
Colour screens that are thinner and brighter, requiting much smaller current
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| What features have allowed mobiles to become 'more than just a phone'? |
Bluetooth, internet, cameras, games, MP3, music...etc.
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| Name an application of smart glass | Changes light transmission properties of windows when voltage is applied |
| What are the advantages of smart glass? | -Controls heat passing through, saving energy costs -Shade from harmful UV rays -Provides privacy |
| What are the disadvantages of smart glass? | -Expensive to install -Constant supply of electricity required -Degree of transparency |
| Name an application of shape memory alloys (SMA) |
Spectacle frames - crystal structure regains/remembers original shape is deformed
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| What are the advantages of shape memory alloys? |
-Extremely flexible, so no deforming
-Lightweight and durable
-Immediately recovers original shape
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| What are the disadvantages of shape memory alloys? |
-Not unbreakable
-More expensive than similar polymer frames
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| Name an application of thermochromic pigments | 'Chameleon' kettles which change colour when boiling and return to original colour when cooled |
| What are the advantages of thermochromic pigments? |
-Immediate visual indication of temperature
-Safety feature
-Aesthetic 'novelty' appeal
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| What are the disadvantages of thermochromic pigments? | -Limited colour range -Not possible to engineer accurate temperature settings to colour changes |
| Name an application of smart fluid/ oils/ grease | Used in cars suspension system to dampen the ride, depending on road conditions |
| What are the advantages of smart fluid/ oils/ grease? | -Improves handling and road-holding as it adapts to road -Better and faster control |
| What are the disadvantages of smart fluid/ oils/ grease? | -More expensive than traditional systems |
| How can companies use offshore manufacturing as a strategic tool? | -Individual expertise -Designing for particular culture -Focused market research to discover needs |
| What are the driving forces of offshore manufacturing? | Digitisation The Internet High speed data networks |
| Why do multinationals manufacture offshore or outsource? |
It costs them less
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| What are the advantages of global manufacturing for developing countries? | -Economic regeneration of local area -Improvement of living standards -Chance of of career development -Physical regeneration of local area -Enables transfer of technology impossible otherwise |
| What are the disadvantages of global manufacturing for developing countries? |
-Destruction of local environment to build factories
-Lower wages than in developed countries
-Promotion restriction
-No unions or equal rights protection
-Lower safety standards
-Local community dependent on multinationals
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| What are the advantages of global manufacturing for developed countries? |
-Don't have to pay wages as high
-Internet...etc. means managerial roles can stay in developed countries
-Don't have to spend as much on safety due to lower standards
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| What are the disadvantages of global manufacturing for developed countries? | -Is it ethical? Customers boycotting the product -Removal of manual jobs in developed countries -Devaluing traditional craft -Can be communication errors or failed connection in communication |
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