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Approaches in Psychology
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Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those functions affecting behaviour in a given context |
| Order of Approaches | 1879 - Wundt opens first lab 1900's - Freud's Psychodynamic 1913 - Watson & Skinner Behaviourist 1950's - Rogers & Maslow Humanistic 1960's - Cognitive -Behaviourist 1980's - Biological - Cognitive neuroscience |
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Wilhelm Wundt - Introspection
1879
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The first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations |
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Sigmund Freud - Psychodynamic Approach
1900's
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A perspective that describes different forces, most of which are unconscious that operate the mind & direct human behaviour & experience |
| Id: Unconscious thought - selfish and aggressive instincts which demand immediate gratification Ego: Reality check - balancing demands of the Id and Superego Superego: Moralistic part of personality which represents the ideal self of who we ought to be | |
| Strengths - Theory had a large influence on early psychology & western thought Can be practically applied through psychoanalysis | Limitations - All case studies, meaning they lack scientific rigor, are unique and abnormal meaning they are not always generaliseable Mainly an untestable theory Psychic determination denies our free will |
| Watson & Skinner - Behaviourist Approach 1913 | A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning |
| Studies behaviour that can be observed & measured Basic processes are the same in all species | |
| Strengths - Scientifically credible as observations are in highly controlled lab settings and helps for replication Principles have been applied to real life situations such as token economies | Limitations - Ethical issues as many lab experiments were done on animals causing possible psychological harm Approach says all behaviour is determined by past experiences which have been conditioned Skinner suggests free will is an illusion |
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Albert Bandura - Social Learning Theory
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A way of explaining behaviour that includes direct and indirect reinforcement, combining SLT with the role of cognitive factors A development of the Behaviourist Approach |
| Behaviour is learned through observation and imitation as well as direct and indirect conditioning | Banduras Mental Processes - 1. Attention - noticing behaviours 2. Retention - remembering behaviour 3. Motor Reproduction - Performing behaviour after observation 4. Motivation - will to perform dependant on rewards/punishment |
| Strengths - A more comprehensive account of learning Helps explain cultural differences Less deterministic than behaviourism | Limitations - Lab experiments cause demand characteristics and low validity Banduras Bobo Doll study, aggression could be seen to involve hormonal factors |
| Cognitive Approach 1960's | A focus on how our mental processes thoughts, perceptions and attention affect our behaviours |
| Internal mental processes should be studied scientifically and inferences on what is happening should be made indirectly The mind is like a computer | Schema - a mental framework of beliefs developed through experience Inference - where conclusions are drawn about mental processes through observation Neuroscience - study of biological structures underpinning cognitive processes |
| Strengths - Lab experiments produce reliable & objective data Has influenced development of artificial intelligence and machines like robots Less deterministic than other approaches | Limitations - Ignores emotion like anxiety on eye witness testimony Is an abstract & overly theoretical theory Artificial and may not be generaliseable |
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