IRL Session 3

Pregunta	Respuesta
Scholarship in the natural/social sciences and in the humanities du schaffst das <3	Image: Efer (image/png)
research three concepts what research means	Image: Cyxxy (image/png)
what research means has an impact on weiter soo :))	Image: Hiu (image/png)
Example: Empiricism	Image: Hjkl (image/png)
Example: Positivism	Image: Dfdd (image/png)
Example: Positivism Scientific research stages in positivist tradition: 8 Schritte Approach corresponds to natural sciences: 4 factors Methods of data collection: 3	Image: Svcsdc (image/png)
Inductive	-from specific to general (inductive -specific to general) -starting from observation --> pattern --> hypothesis --> theory
Deductive	-from general to specific -starting with theory --> hypothesis --> observation --> confirmation (or not)
Starting point: The children on the tram I saw this morning used Turkish bzt switches to German to talk abotut teachers	inductive
Starting point: Theory that bilingual speakers use their first language in different social contexts than their second laguage	deductive
20th century Native american literature in English typically shows females as x or y characters	Image: Bkjn (image/png)
Basic research	Aim to gain general understanding filling gaps in our knowledge not always immediately useful might be there because we discovered it, but might become useful later on
Applied research	Aim to gain results applicable in a specific (real-life) context eg. easier for bilingual kids to learn language? eg. what do teachers use when teaching? - prop. prescriptive grammar eg. attitudes towards grammar books eg. should grammar be taught deductively or inductively
What is the difference betweeen descriptive and prescriptive approaches to grammar?	basic research why? to know more about language
How can language teaching be influences by the bilingualism of language learners?	applied research why? to learn more about language teaching; to improve teaching
What are the factors that improve language learning for adult German English speakers?	applied research
Empirical research	Based on observation/ experiment eg. study of use of mother tongue in Austrialian blabla
Conceptual/Analytical research	Based on thought or analysis ‘’armchair’’ research: thinking in armchair
Study of response of readers to reading eg eye-scanning	Empirical research
eg. Interpretation or analysis of text by critic with possible reader reactions in mind	Conceptual/Analytical
Exploratory research	Starting without a hypothesis
Confirmatory research	Starting with a hypothesis
Starting point: What are the factors that improve language learning for adult German- English speakers?	Exploratory research
Starting point: Knowning Latin is a factor that probably improves language learning for adult German-English speakers (Hypothesis)	Confirmatory research
The short stories of the Irish writer Frank O'Connor	Exploratory research
Quantitative research	Image: Sdc (image/png)
Qualitative research	Image: Fdascy (image/png)
Study of language attitudes of Austrian teachers based questionnaire of over 100 teachers	Quantitative research
udy of language attitudes of Austrian teachers based on interview with a focus group	Qualitative research
Study of motivation Austrian language learners based on interviews with pupils in a language class	Qualitative research
Hermeneutic research	analysis of text (in a broad sense) to arrive at an understanding of it How meaning is constituted in "Hunger Games" Interpretation of the wizard figure in children's literature, e.g. Harry Potter
Example: Linguistics as a discipline with a varied and diverse methodology	Image: Fadsc (image/png)
Terminology to do with research (context dependent)	• Method • Methodology/Methodologies • Theory
Method	– How data is collected: e.g. survey, interviews, observation, ... (Social research, Hitchcock & Hughes 1995: chapter 2) – How a particular piece of research is carried out, e.g. textual analysis (Literary studies, Griffin 2005: 5) – Tools (Cultural studies, Saukko 2003: 8)
Methodology/Methodologies	– More comprehensive than method: how research should be carried out (Hitchcock & Hughes 1995: chapter 2) – How you bring a theoretical (e.g. a feminist or Postcolonial) perspective to your reading of your text (Griffin 2005: 5-6) – More comprehensive & dependent on approach to research – connected to "philosophical and political commitment" (Saukko 2003: 8) Please note [Method/Methodology not always distinguished, e.g. the scientific method]
Theory	– Construction of knowledge: e.g. you form a theory based on your findings (Hitchcock & Hughes 1995: chapter 2) – Specific theory, e.g. Postcolonial theory, ... that is applied to the reading of a text in a systematic way (Griffin 2005: 5-6)
Methods & methodology	"Methods and methodology often go together, so that a hermeneutic methodological approach, which aims to gain a 'thick' understanding of other people's experience, often goes with a method, such as participant observation, that allows for the scholar and the people being studied to develop a mutual trust with each other. However, same methods can also support different methodological commitments. So, the interview method can be used to support a realist methodological approach, which aims to gather 'factual' information , or to support a hermeneutic methodological quest to gain a thorough understanding of a person's life story[...]" (Saukko 2003: 3)
The relevance of research literacy in your personal, educational and professional contexts Helps with:	• Academic work at university: finding and evaluating sources • Further education, professional development • Personal context: understanding information/research base of information out there; identifying misinformation, hoaxes

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