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Descripción
Fichas por Marissa Alvarez, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Marissa Alvarez
hace más de 7 años
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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| Blood Components | Erythrocytes - red blood cells Leucocytes -white blood cells Platelets Plasma – the extracellular fluid matrix (contains the leftover fluid, sugars proteins, nutrients) |
| Blood's Function | Human adults have a blood volume of 5 to 5.5 liters Blood distributes various materials through the body: Gases Ions Hormones Nutrients Waste products Clotting Factors Antibodies (delivery) Drugs Infectious agents (BAD) |
| Composition of Blood 55% : 45% : 1-2%: | |
| Scanning E.M. of Erythrocytes | NO NUCLEUS "donut shape" concave indentation, NOT a hole -mostly Hemoglobin (Hb) |
| Making a BLOOD SMEAR -Drawing it out is to dilute the cells (some WBC's may burst from this) | |
| Properties of RBC's (small specs in image are platelets: look like cellular debris) | No Nucleus, cytoplasm is mainly PROTEIN in content Very acidophilic staining ~ 120 day lifespan Very flexible cell ~7.5-8 microns |
| Erythrocyte Function | O2 and CO2 exchange by hemoglobin Surface antigens determine blood type Dysfunctions: Usually : low hemoglobin levels caused by low numbers of RBCs in circulation Genetic diseases: Thalassemia: related to deficiency in hemoglobin can alter O2 or CO2 exchange Sickle cell: defect causes Hb to form aggregates that change the erythrocyte shape and decrease its flexibility hence lifespan of the RBC is short and also damage to blood vessel walls is caused. |
| Thalassemia | |
| Sickle Cell | |
| Peripheral Blood Leukocytes | Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils |
| Lymphocytes (agranulocyte) | Usually the SMALLEST WBCs only 8-11 um Dark nucleus, pale thin rim of cytoplasm Either T or B cells (and NK cells) Interacts with macrophages or other APCs Various functions; BOTH memory and effector cell types Can migrate into tissues to become a plasma cell (differentiate) T cells: Mature in the Thymus, TH cells interact with APC (antigen presenting cells) to activate B cells and natural killer cells. Tc kill virus infected and tumor cells. B cells: Mature in Spleen and Lymph Nodes, differentiate in tissue (after exposure to Ag) to plasma cells and make a specific antibody. B memory cells propagate in the spleen and wait up to 10 years. Natural killer cells: kill virally infected cells and Tumors |
| Monocytes (agranulocyte) | Usually the LARGEST cells 12-20 um Oval or U-shaped nucleus Pale basophilic cytoplasm with fine granules Short lived in blood but can enter tissues and differentiate into MACROPHAGES |
| Macrophages (derived from monocytes) | Long lived in tissue, up to 3 months Known as: “Dust Cells” (alveolar macrophage) in lungs Kupffer cells in liver Microglia in brain Side note: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) lives in macrophages |
| Neutrophils | 9-12 um diameter MOST numerous WBC 45-70 % Lobed nucleus with distinct granules in cytoplasm (multi-lobed) Several types of granules contain: proteases, lysozyme, lactoferrin, phospholipase A2, etc. Attracted by inflammation, they phagocytize bacteria (FIRST responders) Short lived cells (< 1week) |
| Neutrophils are the FIRST responders to inflammatory sites! | |
| Neutrophils ATTACK Propionibacterium acnes (bacteria in hair follicle + PMNs = PIMPLE) | |
| Eosinophils **Granules are same color as surround RBC's ATTACK Parasites | Fairly rare ~2-4 % Bi-lobed nucleus with distinct acidophilic granules in cytoplasm Attracted inflammation site by chemotactic factors released by mast cells Granules containing major basic protein which can initiate the attack on PARASITES Their surface IgE receptors bind Ag-Ab complexes which they subsequently engulf and degrade to help modulate the immune reaction. |
| Eosinophils have MANY functions but main ones involved with are: | **PARASITIC infection of GI tract Rheumatoid Arthritis skin diseases like dermatitis |
| Basophils **BLUE/purple granules bi-lobed, bluish nucleus act like mast cells to mediate inflammatory process Ectoparasites! | Very RARE less than 1% WBCs Bi-lobed nucleus, ~9-15 um diameter Coarse metachromatic granules containing heparin, histamine, eosinophil chemotactic factor With surface IgE receptors, these cells act like mast cells to mediate the inflammatory process |
| Basophils MAIN function: | |
| Platelets (look like cellular debris) | Small anucleate cell fragments 2-4 um Contain at least two types of specific granules that are released upon activation in response to tissue damage Function = CLOTTING |
| Platelets main function = BLOOD CLOTTING | After degranulation, platelets adhere to the point of damage and aggregate. Additional tissue and plasma factors interact to form a clot. After about 1 hour the clot retracts for further wound closure |
| Megakaryocytes (in bone marrow) | Platelets are made from Megakaryocytes (will roll into blood vessel "TP roll of Platelets & break apart into blood) Multi-nucleated cell: does NOT undergo cytokinesis |
| Exam Question The white blood cells in this smear: A. Can clot blood B. Rush to site of infection to phagocytose bacteria C. Can leave blood and differentiate into plasma cells D. Activate with parasite infection | C. Can leave blood and differentiate into plasma cells (Lymphocytes!) |
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