Phonetics and Phonology

Vocal Tract
1. NO ME VUELVAS A BLOQUEAR
2. Front to back
  1. The lips
    1. The p sound, b sound, and m sound are created by pressing the lips together.
    2. The f sound and v sound requires interaction between the bottom lip and the top teeth.
  2. The tip of the tongue and the front teeth
    1. The unvoiced th and voiced th sounds are created by controlling how the close the tip of the tongue is to the front teeth.
  3. The front of the tongue
    1. Accuracy of tongue position in relation to the tooth ridge is necessary for production of the t sound, d sound, ch sound, j sound, s sound, z sound, sh sound, zh sound, l sound, and n sound.
  4. The back of the tongue and the soft palate
    1. The back of the tongue interacts with the soft palate to create the k sound, g sound, and ng sound.
  5. The deep back of the tongue and the throat
    1. The h sound is created by constricting the area at the very back of the mouth.
3. The nasal cavity
  1. The nasal cavity is the uppermost section of the vocal tract..
  2. The m sound, n sound, and ng sound are nasal sounds that are created when air is released through the nasal cavity.
4. The vocal cords
  1. Their vibration allows sound to be said more loudly or more quietly.
  2. voiced
    1. Meaning the vocal cords vibrate during their production.
  3. unvoiced
    1. meaning that the vocal cords do not vibrate during their production.
Manners of Articulation
1. The manner of articulation is the way the airstream is affected as it flows from the lungs and out the nose and mouth.
2. OBSTRUENTS
  1. Is a consonant sound formed by obstructing the outward airflow, causing increased air pressure in the vocal tract
  2. Stops
    1. When the air stream enters the oral cavity it be stopped, obstructed, or flow freely.
    2. ORAL STOP
      1. Bilabial (k) (p) Alveolar (t) (d) Velar (k) (g)
    3. NASAL STOP
      1. Bilabial (m) Alveolar (n)
  3. FRICATIVE
    1. When the air is not stopped completely but is obstructed from flowing freely.
    2. Labiodental (f) (V)
    3. Dental (th)
    4. Alveolar (s) (z)
    5. Post-alveolar ship, Russia, Irish
    6. Glottal (h)
  4. AFFRICATES
    1. When stop consonants mix with fricative consonants.
3. SONORANTS
  1. Sonorants are those articulations in which there is only a partial closure or an unimpeded oral or nasal scape of air.
  2. NASAL
    1. Nasal consonants are created when you completely block air flow through your mouth and let the air pass through your nose.
    2. mad, clam, no, man
  3. LATERAL
    1. Lateral consonants are when the tongue blocks the the middle of your mouth so that air has to pass around the sides.
    2. “luck”
  4. APPROXIMANT
    1. Approximants are when two articulators come close together but not quite close enough to create air turbulence.
    2. wet, howard.
INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET
1. VOWELS
  1. Close
    1. i, y, ɯ, u
  2. Close-mid
    1. e, Ø, ɣ, θ, o
  3. Opoen
    1. a, Œ,
  4. Open-mind
    1. ɛ, œ, ʌ, ɔ
2. CONSONANTS
  1. ⟨m ɱ n ɲ ɳ ŋ⟩
  2. ⟨ꞵ⟩, ⟨ɸ⟩, ⟨ꭓ⟩
Place of Articulation
1. Bilabial
  1. Bilabial consonants occur when you block/constrict airflow out of the mouth by bringing your lips together.
  2. /p/ /b/ /m/
2. Labio-Dental
  1. Labio-dental consonants occur when you block/constrict airflow by curling your lower lip back and raising it to touch your upper row of teeth.
  2. /f/ /v/
3. Dental
  1. Dental consonants occur when you block/constrict airflow by placing your slimy tongue against your upper teeth.
  2. /θ/ /ð/
4. Alveolar
  1. The alveolar ridge is where your teeth meet your gums.
  2. /n/ /t/ /d//s/ /z/ /l/
5. Post-Aveolar
  1. When you retract your tongue back just a bit from the alveolar ridge, the sounds change enough to be recognized as distinct consonants.
  2. /ʃ/ /ʒ//tʃ/ /dʒ/
6. Palatal
  1. The roof of your mouth is the hard palate. You may know it as “the place that burns like hell when I eat pizza that is too hot.”
  2. /j/
7. Velar
  1. Behind your hard palate you have the velum or soft palate. Unlike the bony hard palate in front of it, the this consists of soft, mucousy tissue.
  2. /ŋ/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /w/
8. Glottal
  1. The glottis is actually two vocal folds (i.e. vocal cords). It acts as a sort of bottle cap to your windpipe.
  2. /h//t/

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