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Anatomy of the heart
1. gross anatomy
  1. Apex
  2. Base
  3. Four borders
    1. Upper
    2. Left
    3. lower
    4. right
  4. Four surfaces
    1. diaphragmatic
    2. Sternocostal
    3. left
    4. right
2. internal structures
3. pericardium
4. Surface Anatomy
heart physiology
1. The passage of blood through the heart
  1. De-oxygenated blood-> right atrium-> right ventricle-> pulmonary circulation-> left atrium-> left ventricle-> aorta and systemic circulation
2. Cardiac Conduction System
  1. SA node-> myocardium of atriums-> AV node-> bundle of His-> Bundle branches-> The Purkinje fibres
3. Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Blood Supply to the Heart
Pressure Gradients in cvs
heart sounds
1. S1
  1. Mitral and Tricuspid valve closure
2. S2
  1. Aortic and Pulmonary valve closure
3. S3
  1. Rapid inflow of blood into normal LV.
4. S4
  1. Atrial contraction to non-compliant ventricle (hypertrophy)
5. murmur
Dizziness
1. types
  1. Vertigo
  2. Disequilibrium
  3. Presyncope
  4. Lightheadedness
2. causes
  1. Endocrine
  2. Cardiovascular
  3. Neurological
Chest Pain
1. Heart Problems
2. Lung Problems
3. GI Problems
Investigations
1. ECG
2. Echocardiogram
3. Chest X-ray
4. Exercise tests or stress tests
5. CT scan
6. Cardiac catheterization
Aortic Stenosis
1. Causes
  1. Genetics
  2. Calcification of the valves with age
  3. Rheumatic fever
    1. Jones Criteria
    2. treatment
      1. Step I - primary prevention
      2. Step II - anti inflammatory treatment
      3. Step III- supportive management & management of complications
      4. Step IV- secondary prevention (prevention of recurrent attacks)
2. Hemodynamic Consequences
3. Valve replacement
  1. Types of valves
    1. mechanical
    2. biological
  2. Prognosis

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