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Cold War
(1945-1975)
- The Beginnings
of the Cold War
- WW2 Damage
- By 1945, there were millions of homeless, sick and injured. USSR, the worst affected, lost 7.7 million civilians and 13.6 million
soldiers
- By 1945, there were millions of homeless, sick and injured. USSR, the worst affected, lost 7.7 million civilians and 13.6 million
soldiers
- Superpowers
- The USA and the USSR became a league of their own by 1945, leaving the UK, Japan, France and Germany behind
- The USA and the USSR became a league of their own by 1945, leaving the UK, Japan, France and Germany behind
- Conflicting Ideologies
- During the war, USSR and USA had joined together to defeat fascism - now it was defeated, there
was no more need to co-operate
- During the war, USSR and USA had joined together to defeat fascism - now it was defeated, there
was no more need to co-operate
- WW2 Damage
- The Allied Conferences
- Yalta, Feb. 1945
- FDR, Churchill and Stalin
- Germany and Berlin would be divided into 4 zones: USA, USSR, UK and France. The countries of
E. Europe would hold free elections and the USSR would join the fight again Japan for Manchuria
and Sakhalin Island
- Disagreed with Poland: Stalin wanted to move Poland's border west to river Oder and Neisse but
FDR and Churchill weren't happy. So, Stalin promised to not get involved with rebels in Greece.
- FDR, Churchill and Stalin
- Potsdam, Jul. 1945
- Two months after war had ended - between VP Harry Truman,
Clement Atlee and Josef Stalin
- Changing Leaders
- In April, VP Truman replaced FDR following
his death - much more anti-Communist and
suspicious of Stalin. Atlee replaced Churchill
in a general election but wasn't as involved.
- In April, VP Truman replaced FDR following
his death - much more anti-Communist and
suspicious of Stalin. Atlee replaced Churchill
in a general election but wasn't as involved.
- Victory in Europe and Soviet Union
- Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945 - UK and USA began to
reduce forces in Europe unlike USSR - ignored Britsh and
American protests (said it had to make Poland Communist to
protect itself)
- Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945 - UK and USA began to
reduce forces in Europe unlike USSR - ignored Britsh and
American protests (said it had to make Poland Communist to
protect itself)
- Atom Bomb
- At the Potsdam Conference, Truman informed Stalin that he was testing a
new weapon against Japan. The success of it in July 1945 led to a new arms
race between USA and USSR
- At the Potsdam Conference, Truman informed Stalin that he was testing a
new weapon against Japan. The success of it in July 1945 led to a new arms
race between USA and USSR
- Tensions at
Potsdam
- UK and USA denied Stalin's naval base in
the Med. as they saw no need - Stalin saw
it as mistrust. Stalin wanted more
reparations to cripple Germany but UK and
USA didn't want to - made Stalin
suspicious. Stalin set up a Communist gov.
in Lublin - Truman and Atlee were
suspicious
- UK and USA denied Stalin's naval base in
the Med. as they saw no need - Stalin saw
it as mistrust. Stalin wanted more
reparations to cripple Germany but UK and
USA didn't want to - made Stalin
suspicious. Stalin set up a Communist gov.
in Lublin - Truman and Atlee were
suspicious
- Two months after war had ended - between VP Harry Truman,
Clement Atlee and Josef Stalin
- Designed to sort out Germany and its leaders, who would get what after countries had been liberated, how
to end the war with Japan and maintain peace
- Yalta, Feb. 1945
- Breakdown of USA-USSR
alliance; Iron Curtain Speech
- The tension in Potsdam increased significantly - noticed by Churchill in March 1946 whose speech
claimed that an 'Iron Curtain' had descended between the democratic Western nations and the
Communist Eastern nations
- Cold War formed as the common Nazi enemy disappeared, the USA was out of the
depression and USSR was emerging, USA was the strongest power in the world. By 1945,
Britain and France were crippled by the War whereas the USA and the USSR benefitted.
- The tension in Potsdam increased significantly - noticed by Churchill in March 1946 whose speech
claimed that an 'Iron Curtain' had descended between the democratic Western nations and the
Communist Eastern nations
- Soviet Expansion in Western Europe
- Satellite Nations
- Elections were held in E. Europe countries after Yalta, but were rigged. In Bulgaria, Albania, Poland, Romania and Hungary,
opponents were beaten, murdered or frightened into submission. By May 1948, all E. European states were Communist ruled.
- Yugoslavia was Communist but ruled by Tito, not Stalin,
who refused. Stalin cut off any support from USSR.
- Known as satellite states as they
heavily relied on support from USSR.
- Elections were held in E. Europe countries after Yalta, but were rigged. In Bulgaria, Albania, Poland, Romania and Hungary,
opponents were beaten, murdered or frightened into submission. By May 1948, all E. European states were Communist ruled.
- Cominform, 1947
- An alliance of Communist countries set by Stalin maybe as a response to
Marshall Aid. Aimed to spread Stalin's ideas of Communism - restricted
contact with the West. Only Tito refused to join - he split with Moscow.
- An alliance of Communist countries set by Stalin maybe as a response to
Marshall Aid. Aimed to spread Stalin's ideas of Communism - restricted
contact with the West. Only Tito refused to join - he split with Moscow.
- Comecon, 1949
- Co-ordinated production and trade of
E. European countries - but favoured
USSR far more
- Co-ordinated production and trade of
E. European countries - but favoured
USSR far more
- Satellite Nations
- The Truman Doctrine, 1947
- Greece appeared to be the next country to
become Communist. The royalists had previously
won but they came under attack from Communist
forces in 1947
- Truman was very worried - formed a foreign policy initiative
(Truman Doctrine). USA would not go back to being isolationist
and would try to contain Communism. Under it, the USA
provided military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey.
- Truman was very worried - formed a foreign policy initiative
(Truman Doctrine). USA would not go back to being isolationist
and would try to contain Communism. Under it, the USA
provided military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey.
- Greece appeared to be the next country to
become Communist. The royalists had previously
won but they came under attack from Communist
forces in 1947
- The Berlin Blockade and its
immediate consequences
- The Berlin Blockade and Airlift, 1948-9
- Stalin cut off Berlin's physical links with the West, in response to them building
W. Germany to attack him and the merging of the FR, UK and USA zones.
- Stalin cut off Berlin's physical links with the West, in response to them building
W. Germany to attack him and the merging of the FR, UK and USA zones.
- Berlin
Airlift
- The Allies airlifted
supplies into Berlin,
beginning in June
1948. They
continued to
supply W. Germany
for 10 months and
in May 1949, Stalin
surrendered and
reopened
communications.
- The Allies airlifted
supplies into Berlin,
beginning in June
1948. They
continued to
supply W. Germany
for 10 months and
in May 1949, Stalin
surrendered and
reopened
communications.
- Effects of the Berlin Blockade
- In May 1949, the Western zones became the Federal
Republic of Germany (West Germany). In October 1949, the
Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic (GDR).
- In May 1949, the Western zones became the Federal
Republic of Germany (West Germany). In October 1949, the
Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic (GDR).
- NATO, 1949
- Military alliance of most of W.
Europe, USA and Canada. Main
purpose was to defend each of its
members from attack - if one was
hit, others would join in.
- Military alliance of most of W.
Europe, USA and Canada. Main
purpose was to defend each of its
members from attack - if one was
hit, others would join in.
- Warsaw Pact, 1955
- In 1955, W. Germany
joined NATO. Soviets
made the Communist
version - Warsaw Pact.
The Soviets hadn't
forgotten the damage
that Germany had
done to the USSR in
WW2.
- In 1955, W. Germany
joined NATO. Soviets
made the Communist
version - Warsaw Pact.
The Soviets hadn't
forgotten the damage
that Germany had
done to the USSR in
WW2.
- The Berlin Blockade and Airlift, 1948-9
- Marshall Aid, 1947
- Truman believed that poverty and hardship led to
Communism - wanted to make EU prosperous and
able to trade with the USA. George Marshall, US
Secretary of State, came up with the Marshall Plan.
- Billions of $ into Europe
from 1947-51 providing
vital help. Only 16 EU
countries accepted it - all
W. Stalin refused it for
USSR and banned E.
European countries from it.
- Czechoslovakia considered whether or not to accept it as it was
not part of Stalin's eastern bloc. But in 1948, it fell to Communism.
- Czechoslovakia considered whether or not to accept it as it was
not part of Stalin's eastern bloc. But in 1948, it fell to Communism.
- Billions of $ into Europe
from 1947-51 providing
vital help. Only 16 EU
countries accepted it - all
W. Stalin refused it for
USSR and banned E.
European countries from it.
- Truman believed that poverty and hardship led to
Communism - wanted to make EU prosperous and
able to trade with the USA. George Marshall, US
Secretary of State, came up with the Marshall Plan.
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