Aisha's not feeling well

chest pain
1. dyspnea
  1. Pulmonary edema
    1. Sarcoidosis
      1. Pleurisy
  2. Pulmonary hypertension
    1. Tuberculosis
  3. Cardiomyopathy
  4. Heart arrhythmias
  5. Heart failure
    1. compensation mechanisms
      1. Compensation Mechanisms
    2. pathophysiology
      1. intrinsic decrease in muscle contractility
        Preload or left atrial filling pressure is increased pulmonary congestion and dyspnea.
        Although systemic blood pressure is often reduced, there is an increase in systemic vascular resistance (afterload) reduce cardiac output
        Heart rate is generally increased as part of a compensatory mechanism
        inadequate to meet the peripheral demands of the body
      2. left sided leads to
        Backward effect
        Pulmonary congestion: Blood is not drained from the pulmonary circulation blood vessels become engorged
        Transudate (no inflammation) accumulates in the alveolar sacs
        RBCs engulfed by macrophages hemosiderin-laden macrophages
        Pulmonary Edema: Crackles
        Forward effect
        Reduced CO + less EF because the heart is unable to pump blood
        Hypo-perfusion of organs occur
        right sided leads to
        Jugular venous distension
        Painful hepatosplenomegaly with “nutmeg” liver
        Pitting edema (peripheral) due to increased hydrostatic pressure
        signs and symptoms
        Rapid or irregular heartbeat
        Fatigue and weakness
        Lack of appetite and nausea
        how to check for them & confirm diagnosis
        Investigations
        chest X-ray
        cardiothoracic ratio
        ECG
        blood tests
        cardiac enzymes
        renal function
        glucose concentrations
        catheterization
        echocardiography
        treatment
        non-pharmacological
        life-style modifications
        pharmacological
        Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)
        Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
        Aldosterone antagonists
        β-Blockers
        Vasodilators (long-acting nitrates and hydralazine)
        Diuretics
        Digoxin
        complications
        Kidney damage or failure
        Heart valve problems
        Heart rhythm problems
        Liver damage
        prognosis
        People with heart failure may have severe symptoms, and some may require heart transplantation or support with a ventricular assist device
        The probability of someone with a diagnosis of heart failure dying within five years was 62% and 75% in men and 38% and 42% in women, respectively
        crackles on ascultation
    3. causes
      1. myocardial infarction
        congenital heart disease
        Coronary artery disease
        arrhythmias
      2. Abnormal heart valves
      3. High blood pressure
  6. Pericarditis
  7. Anemia
    1. Broken ribs
      1. Myasthenia gravis
  8. an intense tightening in the chest, air hunger or a feeling of suffocation
  9. types
    1. orthopnea
      1. sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent position, relieved by sitting or standing.
    2. Paroxysmal nocturnal Dyspnea
      1. sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, often after 1 or 2 hours of sleep.
2. edema
  1. result of the activation of a series of humoral and neurohumoral mechanisms that promote sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys and expansion of the extracellular fluid.

Siguiente

Aisha's not feeling well

Descripción

Resumen del Recurso

Recursos multimedia adjuntos

Similar

	Creado por rania khalil hace casi 7 años