Biology

Biology

Animal and Plant cells
1. Animal Cell
  1. Nucleus - Contains genetic material (DNA) controls cell activity and contains chromosomes
  2. Cytoplasm - Gel like substance, most chemical reaction take place here, everything floats within the cytoplasm, contain enzymes
  3. Cell Membrane - Holds cell together and controls what goes in and out
  4. Mitochondria - Where respiration occurs
  5. Ribosomes - Produce protein
2. Plant Cell
  1. Contains: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane and Mitochondria, Ribosomes
  2. Cell Wall - Made of cellulose and gives it structure
  3. Vacuole - A large storage space, contains cell saps, stores food and nutrients
  4. Chloroplast - Where photosynthesis occurs, they contain chlorophyll which is a green pigment
Magnification
1. Magnification = Image Size / Actual Size
2. Actual Size = Image Size / Magnification
3. Image Size = Magnification x Actual Size
4. mm - micrometers = mm x 1000
  1. micrometers - mm = micrometers / 1000
    1. Final Magnification = Eyepiece Magnification x Objective Magnification e.g. Eyepiece = 10, Objective = 10, Final Magnification = 10 x 10 = 100x
Specialised Cell
1. Red Blood Cell - Carry oxygen, haemoglobin - picks up oxygen
2. White Blood Cell - Fights bacteria and viruses
3. Egg Cell - Carries the mother's DNA, embryo provides food source for the fetus
4. Sperm Cell - Carries the father's DNA, has a long tail to help it swim, streamlined body to enter the egg cell
5. Root Hair Cell - Absorb minerals and water from soil
6. Nerve Cell - Carries electrical nerve impulses around the body
7. Palisade Cell - Carries out photosynthesis, contain a lot of chloroplast
Ezymes and Nutrients
1. Speeding up and a Chemical Reaction
  1. Increase temperature
  2. Increase surface area
  3. Decrease volume = Increase pressure
  4. Increase concentration
  5. Biological catalyst
  6. pH and Enzyme action
    1. pH 4 - Slightly acidic - Starch was digested instantly
    2. pH 7 - Neutral - Starch was digested in 2 minutes
    3. pH 9 - Slightly Alkaline - Enzyme denatured
  7. Temperature and Enzyme action
    1. 7 *C - Starch was digested in 9 minutes
    2. 40*C - Starch was digested in 4 minutes
    3. 70*C - Enzymes denatured
    4. 20*C - Starch was digested in 6 minutes
  8. Amylase - Enzyme which breaks down starch
Inside Bacteria
1. Eukaryote - With a nucleus
2. Prokaryote - Without a nucleus
Energy in Foods
1. (Mass of Water (H2O) (g) * 4.2 * Temp rise (*C)) / Change of mass of food (g)
  1. Testing Foods
    1. Iodine Test - Starch
      1. Orange - Starch absent
      2. Black - Starch present
    2. Biuret's Test - Protein
      1. Blue - Protein absent
      2. Purple - Protein present
    3. Benedict's Test - Reducing Sugars
      1. Blue - Sugar absent
      2. Green - Sugar present
      3. Orange or Red - High amounts
    4. Emulsion Test - Lipids (Fats)
      1. Clear - Lipids absent
      2. Cloudy - Lipids present
2. Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water (respiration)
  1. Water + Carbon Dioxide = Oxygen + Glucose (photosynthesis)
Enzyme Action
1. 1) Binding substance = Reactants / Substrate
2. 2) Part where binding occurs = Active site
3. 3) Enzyme + Substrate joined= Enzyme - substrate complex
4. 4) What happens= Chemical reactions occur to change the substrate and the bonds
5. 5) Outcome released from the Enzyme = Product
6. Enzymes are proteins which speed up a chemical reaction
7. 6) The enzyme returns to its previous state / shape
8. Denaturing - When the enzyme changes shape and the substrates no longer fit therefore a chemical reaction will not take place
Acids + Alkalis
1. 0 - 6 = Acid
2. 7 = Neutral
3. 8 - 14 = Alkali

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