11221947
Descripción
Mapa Mental por Elizabeth Hallam, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Elizabeth Hallam
hace alrededor de 7 años
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Social Influence
- Conformity
- Types
- Internalisation: Genuinely
accept groups norms.
Changing behaviour both
publicly and privately.
- Identification: Value the
group and so change
behaviour even if privately
you do not.
- Compliance: change
behaviour publicly just
go along with things, but
privately you do not.
- Explanations
- ISI: informational
social influence.
This occurs when
somebody does
not want to be
wrong and so
goes along with
others due to
believing that
they are correct.
- NSI: normative
social influence.
Involves going
along with others
due to the desire to
be liked and fear of
rejection if you do
not.
- ISI: informational
social influence.
This occurs when
somebody does
not want to be
wrong and so
goes along with
others due to
believing that
they are correct.
- Internalisation: Genuinely
accept groups norms.
Changing behaviour both
publicly and privately.
- Asch's research
- Aim: Investigate extent to
which people conform to
social or group pressure
- Procedure: 50 male students,
believed to be taking part in
vision test. Put in room with
7 confederates. Standard line
and three comparison lines;
Answer was always obvious.
12/18 trials confederates
gave wrong answer.
- Findings: 75% of critical trials conformed at
least once, 25% never conformed.
- Conclusion: After ppts said they knew the
answer was wrong but were in fear of being
ridiculed(NSI) whereas some did genuinely
believe the group was correct. (ISI)
- Aim: Investigate extent to
which people conform to
social or group pressure
- Zimbardo's research
- Aim: find out whether people conform to
social roles specifically in prison life.
Wanted to find out whether the brutal
treatment of prisoners by American
guards was due to dispositional factors
or situational.
- Procedure: mock prison at Stanford university. 24
male students took part (paid daily). Randomly
assigned role of prisoner or guard. Very realistic
prisoners arrested at own
homes,blindfolded,stripped naked and given a
number. They were only addressed by this number.
Guards all given uniform including mirrored
glasses(stop emotional contact), handcuffs and
club.
- Findings: soon adapted to behaviour. Guards were
very fast and ended up using fire extiguishers as well
as verbal and physical abuse. Experiment had to be
terminated early. Even zimbardo conformed to role
of superintendant.
- Aim: find out whether people conform to
social roles specifically in prison life.
Wanted to find out whether the brutal
treatment of prisoners by American
guards was due to dispositional factors
or situational.
- Types
- Obedience
- Situational variables (MILGRAM)
- Proximity: The physical closeness
- Teacher and learner in same room-obedience
rate dropped. Teacher forced learners hand
onto plate-obedience dropped even further.
When experimenter gave instructions via
telephone-obedience dropped even further.
- Teacher and learner in same room-obedience
rate dropped. Teacher forced learners hand
onto plate-obedience dropped even further.
When experimenter gave instructions via
telephone-obedience dropped even further.
- Location: Where the order is issued
- Conducted study in run down building instead of prestigious
Yale-obedience fell.
- Conducted study in run down building instead of prestigious
Yale-obedience fell.
- Uniform: Outfit
- Original study experimenter wore grey lab coat. Variation
study: experimenter called away and role taken over by
ordinary member of public in everyday clothes-obedience
dropped.
- Original study experimenter wore grey lab coat. Variation
study: experimenter called away and role taken over by
ordinary member of public in everyday clothes-obedience
dropped.
- Proximity: The physical closeness
- social-psychological factors
- AGENTIC STATE: Feel no personal
responsibility for our actions because we
believe we are agents working on behalf
of an authority figure.
- Why do people stay in this state? Binding
factors: aspects of the situation that
minimise the damage caused thus
reducing the moral strain
- Why do people stay in this state? Binding
factors: aspects of the situation that
minimise the damage caused thus
reducing the moral strain
- AUTONOMOUS STATE: Opposite
of agentic state. We feel
personally responsible for our
actions.
- AGENTIC SHIFT: Moving from autonomous state
to agentic
- LEGITIMACY OF AUTHORITY: more likely to obey people we perceive to have
authority over us. Made legitmate by individuals position of power within the
social hierarchy.
- Problems arise when it becomes
destructive- ordering people to behave in evil ways.
- Problems arise when it becomes
destructive- ordering people to behave in evil ways.
- AGENTIC STATE: Feel no personal
responsibility for our actions because we
believe we are agents working on behalf
of an authority figure.
- Dispositional explanations
- Theodor Adorno: AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
- PROCEDURE:2000 middle-class white Americans and
unconcious attitudes towards other racial groups.
Developed F-scale test.
- FINDINGS: those who scored highly identified with strong people who were disrespectful
of the weak. Conscious of their own and others status. Cognitive style with no fuzziness
between categories of people.Positive correlation between AP and prejudice.
- ORIGIN OF AP: formed in childhood as result of harsh parenting:conditional love.
Create hostility in the child who displace fears onto others perceived as
weaker(psycho-dynamic explanation)
- PROCEDURE:2000 middle-class white Americans and
unconcious attitudes towards other racial groups.
Developed F-scale test.
- Theodor Adorno: AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
- MILGRAM'S RESEARCH
- AIM: find out why the German population followed
the brutal orders sent out by Hitler during WW2
- PROCEDURE: 40 male ppts found through volunteer leaflet advertising a
study about memory.Aged between 20-50yrs. Rigged draw-confederate 'Mr
Wallace' always ended up as the learner and the ppt as teacher. There was
another confederate who acted as experimenter.Told they could leave at
any time. Learner strapped to chair with electrodes in another room and
teacher required to give an increasingly strong electric shock everytime the
learner got an answer wrong. Shock level started at 15v-450v. After 315v
there would be no response from the learner. When asking for guidance,
experimenter gave 4 prods. Please continue,the experiment requires you
continue,its essential you continue and you have no other choice, you must
go on.
- FINDINGS: no ppts stopped below 300v. 65% continued to
the highest level. Qualitative data showed extreme tension.
All ppts debriefed and assured behaviour was normal.
Follow up questionaire showed 84% were glad they
participated.
- AIM: find out why the German population followed
the brutal orders sent out by Hitler during WW2
- Situational variables (MILGRAM)
- Resistance to social influence
- SOCIAL SUPPORT
- The presence of people who resist pressures to
conform or obey helps others to do the same.
- The presence of people who resist pressures to
conform or obey helps others to do the same.
- LOCUS OF CONTROL
- Sense we have about what directs us in our lives:
Internal LOC-we are responsible for what
happens to us. External LOC- A matter of luck or
external influence that is responsible for what
happens to us
- Internal LOC: More likely to resist
pressures to conform or obey
- External LOC: Less likely to resist
pressures to conform
- Internal LOC: More likely to resist
pressures to conform or obey
- Sense we have about what directs us in our lives:
Internal LOC-we are responsible for what
happens to us. External LOC- A matter of luck or
external influence that is responsible for what
happens to us
- SOCIAL SUPPORT
- Minority influence
- A form of social influence in which a
minority of people persuade others to
adopt their beliefs, attitudes or
behaviours.
- Consistency
- Minority should stick to the same beliefs
between all people part of the minority and
over time. This will draw attention to
the cause.
- Minority should stick to the same beliefs
between all people part of the minority and
over time. This will draw attention to
the cause.
- Commitment
- Minority should demonstrate their
position, like making personal sacrifices.
This is effective because it shows they are
not acting out of self-interest.
- Minority should demonstrate their
position, like making personal sacrifices.
This is effective because it shows they are
not acting out of self-interest.
- Flexability
- Relentless consistency could be
counter-productive if seen as
unreasonable. Should show flexability
by listening to others views and
accepting possibility of compromise.
- Relentless consistency could be
counter-productive if seen as
unreasonable. Should show flexability
by listening to others views and
accepting possibility of compromise.
- A form of social influence in which a
minority of people persuade others to
adopt their beliefs, attitudes or
behaviours.
- social influence and social change
- How minority influence creates social
change:
- 1. Drawing attention through social proof
- 2. Consistency
- 3. Deeper processing
- 4. Augmentation principle
- 5. Snowball effect
- 6. Social cryptomnesia
- 1. Drawing attention through social proof
- How minority influence creates social
change:
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