19th century social reform

2ND GREAT AWAKENING
1. Possible causes
  1. Death of Deference
  2. untethered nature of society motivates people to find new communities
  3. Fear and Hope
  4. The Holy Spirit
2. Machinery of the movement
  1. Camp Meetings
  2. Circuit riders
  3. Charismatic Leaders
  4. Innovation of Urban Revival
3. Reorganization of Christianity in the U. S.
  1. Allegiance moves from church to denomination
  2. Little churches grow large
  3. New denominations
  4. Unorthodox developments
    1. Mormons
    2. SDAs
    3. Shakers
EDUCATIONAL REFORM
1. Enlightenment reforms
  1. Public Schools
    1. Horace Mann
    2. Federally funded buildings
    3. Standardized curriculum
    4. Paid teachers
  2. Private Schools
    1. Bronson Alcott
    2. Invented recess
    3. Students owned books
    4. no corporal punishment
2. Romantic Reforms
  1. Samuel Gridley Howe
  2. Laura Bridgeman
  3. Education of the blind and deaf
    1. Questions Lockian principles of empiricism
TEMPERANCE
1. Washington societies appeal to patriotism and virtue
  1. Temperance societies more successful than laws
2. Temperance laws
  1. Maine
  2. Massachussets
  3. Rhode Island
  4. Vermont
  5. Connecticut
  6. Mississippi
  7. New York
  8. Pennsylvania
  9. Texas
WOMEN'S RIGHTS
1. At the time:
  1. Civil death
  2. nonexistent political status w/ exception of NJ
  3. Economic status: all wealth belongs to husband/father
2. ORIGINS OF MOVEMENT
  1. Revolutionary thought
  2. Industrial revolution
  3. Reform involvement
  4. The cult of true womanhood
    1. SEPARATE SPHERES
      1. PROS
        In context it was a way to deal with disintegration of authority in the full realization that equality was not possible
        Attitude primarily cast for women, by women
        halfway house to fully realized citizenship and could be the launching point for real reform and movement towards equality
      2. CONS
        exaggerated both physical and mental variation (presumption w/o proof)
        appears to be absolute, w/ no overlap
        Only possible for urban middle class/wealthy
        Biblical support is selective
      3. Proponents
        Catharine Beecher
        Susan Fennimore Cooper
  5. Seneca Falls conference
3. Early protestors
  1. Anne Hutchinson
  2. Judith Sargent Murray
  3. Mary Wollstonecraft
ABOLITIONISM
1. Early anti-slavery voices
  1. Puritan witch judge, Samuel Sewell
  2. Quakers
  3. Revolutionary Rhetoric
  4. Religious groups
  5. Individuals
  6. Societies
2. BARRIERS TO EMANCIPATION
  1. New states
    1. religious toleration
  2. In the North
    1. not interested in active opposition
    2. Support fugitive slave law
    3. Invested in slavery through industry
  3. In the South
    1. shift in logic
    2. Defensiveness
3. American Colonization Society
4. Roots of Radical Abolitionism after 1830
  1. Principles Christian Resistance
    1. newspapers
  2. Disillusionment with colonization society
  3. South turns to a positive defense of slavery
  4. International examples in Mexico and Britain
  5. Moral impulse in reform and revival
  6. Failure of VA convention
  7. Nat Turner Rebellion
  8. American Anti-Slavery Society
    1. Creation of Society in Philadelphia
    2. Condemns slavery on moral grounds
    3. Abolitionist presses like Garrison and society's own
    4. Tactics: pamphlets and lecture circuits
      1. women's role grows
      2. Gag rule
    5. Divisions
      1. Over women's role
      2. Over pacifism/use of politics
    6. Slave narratives
      1. Ball
      2. Truth
      3. Douglass
ENLIGHTENMENT IDEALS
1. Elitist
2. Paternalistic/deferential
3. Head matter
4. Appeal to natural law
5. Incremental change
ROMANTIC REFORM
1. Appeal to common people
2. Heart matter
3. Absolute and radical change

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19th century social reform

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