112518
A02 Language Change
- A02 Language Acquisition
- Halliday
- Personal
Nota:
- Expressing feelings and opinions e.g. 'me like...'
- Interactional
Nota:
- Contact and forming relationships e.g. 'I see you...'
- Instrumental
Nota:
- Expressing needs e.g. 'I want...'
- Regulatory
Nota:
- Telling others what to do e.g. 'go get...'
- Imaginative
Nota:
- Stories, jokes and imagining environments.
- Representational
Nota:
- Conveying facts and information.
- Heuristic
Nota:
- Environment e.g. 'what does duck say?'
- Personal
- Aitchison
- Labelling
Nota:
- Stage 1: Links between the sounds of words and objects
- Packaging
Nota:
- Stage 2: Understand that a word has a range of meanings. Over and under extension.
- Network Building
Nota:
- Stage 3: Connections between words.
- Labelling
- Piaget
- Sensorimotor
Nota:
- 0-2 years a child experiences physical through senses and begins to classify things Object Permenance: Concept that things exist when out of sight.
- Concrete Operational
Nota:
- 7-11 years. Child thinks logically about concrete events.
- Formal Operational
Nota:
- 11+ Abstract reasoning skills develop.
- Pre-Operational
Nota:
- 2-7 years. Language and motor skills developed. Still egocentric- all focused on the child.
- Sensorimotor
- Bellugi
Pronoun
development
- 1. Own name
- 2. Recognises I/me
and when they are
used.
- 3. Can use them
according to subject or
object position in
sentence.
- 1. Own name
- Vygotsky
- ZPD- Zone of
Proximal
Development
Nota:
- A child has to be in a certain zone to acquire language.
- MKO- More
Knowledgeable
Other
Nota:
- A person to teach and guide the child.
- ZPD- Zone of
Proximal
Development
- Lenneberg
- The human brain is
designed to acquire
language in a certain
time period, and once
passed development is
not possible (first five
years).
- The human brain is
designed to acquire
language in a certain
time period, and once
passed development is
not possible (first five
years).
- Bruner
- Language is
developed depending
on the quality and
quantity of interaction.
- Children initially
use language to
get what they want.
- LASS: Language
Acquisition Support
System
- Language is
developed depending
on the quality and
quantity of interaction.
- Skinner
- Children learn to
speak by immitating
their parents and
being rewarded or
punished depending
on accuracy.
- Children learn to
speak by immitating
their parents and
being rewarded or
punished depending
on accuracy.
- Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature/nativist:
Language is
innate
- Nurture/empiricist:
Language is learnt.
- Interactionist:
Influence from both
nativist and empiricist
- Nature/nativist:
Language is
innate
- Chomsky
- LAD: Language
Acquisition
Device
Nota:
- Chomsky believed that all language is innate as it is all learnt in a similar way.
- LAD: Language
Acquisition
Device
- Halliday
- Guy Deutscher
- Language does
not change due
to contact with
others.
- No person or
thing changes
language
- All modifiers of
language are
unintentional
- Changes are
due to laziness,
expressive and
analogy.
- Language does
not change due
to contact with
others.
- Peter Turgill
Norwich Survey
- '-ing' decreased as class did
- Almost 100%
middle class used
standard '-ing'
compared to
non-standard '-in'
used by 95% of
lower class
- '-ing' increased as
formality does.
- Females use the
standard '-ing' more
than males
- '-ing' decreased as class did
- Jean
Aitchison
- Crumbling Castle
Nota:
- Ignoring 'proper' English means language has decayed. Assumes language was once 'perfect'
- Cuckoo's Nest
Nota:
- One particular usage becomes dominant.
- Language Web
Nota:
- All factors are linked.
- Infectious Disease
Nota:
- We catch 'bad language' and spread it.
- Damp Spoon
Nota:
- Laziness spreads causing change
- Crumbling Castle
- Jenny Cheshire
- Females more
status concious
and more likely to
conform to rules.
- Females more
likely to use
standard English
and Overt Prestige
- Males gain popularity
using covert prestige
- Females more
status concious
and more likely to
conform to rules.
- Goodman
- Language has undergone
informalisation
- Language has undergone
informalisation
- Howard Giles
- When people interact they
adjust their speech to
acomodate others
- Divergence: Speaker changes
language to distance from the
other
- Convergence: Speaker
changes language to fit
others.
- When people interact they
adjust their speech to
acomodate others
- Sapir Whorf Hypothesis
- Language
determines
thought and
linguistic
categories.
- Language dictates the
way we think and how we
conceptualise the world.
- Language affects the
way a speaker views
the world.
- Language
determines
thought and
linguistic
categories.
- Prescriptivist vs
descriptivist
- Prescriptivist:
Judgements about
language change.
- Descriptivist: Describes the
process of change.
- Prescriptivist:
Judgements about
language change.
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