C1 - Atomic Structure & The Periodic Table

Structure of the Atom
1. Mass
  1. Proton = 1
  2. Neutron = 1
  3. Electron - very small
2. Charge
  1. Proton = 1+
  2. Electron = 1-
  3. Neutron = 0
3. Structure
  1. Protons and neutrons in the tiny nucleus at the centre
  2. Electrons in shells around the nucleus
    1. 2 in 1st shell, 8 in 2nd shell, 8 in 3rd shell
    2. electrons drawn in NESW, then double up!
4. Isotopes
  1. Same number of protons, different number of neutrons
    1. Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)
      1. (mass of 1st isotope x abundance) + (mass of 2nd isotope x abundance) / 100
The Periodic Table
1. Newlands
  1. arranged elements in order of atomic mass
    1. Noted similar chemical reactivity in every 8th element
      1. BUT mixed metals and non metals and had two elements in one space
2. Mendeleev
  1. Arranged the elements in order of mass
    1. Realised that some elements did not fit the pattern of reactivity
      1. he left gaps for elements that had not yet been discovered
        Later, elements were discovered that fit the gaps
3. Groups
  1. Group 1
    1. Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Caesium (Cs)
    2. The reactivity XXcreases as you go _____ the group
    3. The Alkali Metals
      1. Stored in oil because they react with oxygen and water very quickly
      2. Reaction with water
        Lithium
        fizzed, crimson red flame
        Sodium
        fizzed, melted, yellow-orange flame
        Potassium
        fizzed, caught fire, exploded! lilac flame
  2. Group 7
    1. The Halogens
      1. Chlorine
        A green gas
      2. The reactivity XXcreases as you go _____ the group
      3. Fluorine (F)
      4. Bromine
        An orange brown liquid
      5. Fluorine
        A pale yellow gas
      6. Iodine
        A grey solid (and a purple gas)
  3. Group 0
    1. Very unreactive because they have a full outer shell of electrons
    2. Density XXcreases as you go _____ the group
    3. Size of atom XXcreases as you go _____ the group
  4. Columns
4. Metals and Non-metals
  1. Metals to the left of the staircase line, non-metals to the right
Separating Mixtures
1. Filtration
  1. Separates an insoluble solid from a liquid
    1. Equipment
      1. Funnel, Filter paper, conical flask
  2. Residue
    1. the solid left in the filter paper
  3. Filtrate
    1. the liquid that passes through the filter paper
2. Crystallisation
  1. Separates a soluble solid from a liquid
    1. Equipment
      1. Evaporating basin, an electric heater
  2. Evaporation
    1. the liquid turns to a gas and leaves crystals of the solid behind
3. Chromatography
  1. Separates inks & food colours
  2. Stationary phase
    1. Paper
  3. Mobile phase
    1. Solvent ( Water )
  4. Rf value
    1. height of spot / height of solvent front
4. Distillation
  1. Separates two liquids with different Boiling Points
  2. Equipment
    1. Round bottomed flask, heat, condenser, beaker
  3. Evaporation of one liquid happens in the round bottomed flask.
    1. The vapour condenses in the condenser and collects in the beaker
      1. The other liquid doesn't evaporate and stays in the round bottomed flask

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C1 - Atomic Structure & The Periodic Table

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