135836
Chemical Functional Groups and chemicals
- Carboxylic Acids
- R-COOH
- fairly weak acid
- Can't easily
give away H+
ions from OH
group.
- Can't easily
give away H+
ions from OH
group.
- R-COOH
- Alcohols
- primary
- R-OH
- can be oxidised
into aldehydes or
carboxylic acids.
- R-OH
- secondary
- R-COH-R
- can be
oxidised into
ketones
- R-COH-R
- tertiary
- R-C(CH3)OH-R
- cannot be oxidised
- R-C(CH3)OH-R
- primary
- Acyl Chlorides
- R-COCl
- Carboxylic
acid
derivatives
- nasty chemicals
- React with
amines to
form amides
- R-COCl
- Esters
- R-COO-R
- carboxylic
acid (or
derivative)
+ alcohol
- smell
sweet/distinctive.
- R-COO-R
- Ethers
- R-C-O-C-R
- Isomers of
alcohols
- R-C-O-C-R
- Acid Anhydrides
- R-COOCO-R
- carboxylic acid
derivative
- formed when 2
carboxylic acid
molecules react
together (also
forms water)
- formed when 2
carboxylic acid
molecules react
together (also
forms water)
- R-COOCO-R
- Aldehydes
- R-COH
- product of primary
alcohol being
oxidised and then
distilled off.
- Would further oxidise
to a carboxylic acid if
not distilled off
- Would further oxidise
to a carboxylic acid if
not distilled off
- R-COH
- Ketones
- R-CO-R
- Product of secondary alcohol
being oxidised
- R-CO-R
- Alkenes
- R-C=C-R
- have the
same
molecular
formula as
cycloalkanes.
- R-C=C-R
- Alkanes
- R
Chains
(C-H
bonds
only)
- Simplest
hydrocarbon
chains
- Can be
made into
alkenes by
removing a
hydrogen
molecule
- R
Chains
(C-H
bonds
only)
- Amides/Peptides
- R-CONH-R
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Amides can be
primary or
secondary
- Can be
hydrolysed into
amine and
carboxylic acid
- R-CONH-R
- Amines
- R-CNH2
- Alkane derivative
- R-CNH2
- Phenols
- Benzene ring
with an OH
functional
group attached
- Wont react with
alcohols to form
esters
- Nasty
chemical (can
give you a
chemical burn)
- Benzene ring
with an OH
functional
group attached
- Amino acids
- H2N-C(R)-COOH
- Carboxylic acid and
amine combined.
- Can form zwitter ions
and act as buffers
- H2N-C(R)-COOH
- Proteins
- Many amino acids joined together
- R-C=O-NH-R
- This is a peptide link, which
is also a secondary amide
- This is a peptide link, which
is also a secondary amide
- Can be hydrolysed to get
the L-amino acids back
- Only made up of
L enantiomers
- Many amino acids joined together
- Alkynes
- R-C (triple
bond)C-R
- R-C (triple
bond)C-R
- Nitriles
- R-C-C(triple
bond)N
- Used in
organic
reactions
to add an
extra
carbon to a
carbon
chain
- R-C-C(triple
bond)N
- Cyanohydrin
- Formed when an
aldehyde reacts
with HCN in
alkaline conditions
- R-C(OH)(CN)-R
- Formed when an
aldehyde reacts
with HCN in
alkaline conditions
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