India After Independence

Economic problems
1. Farm and allied sector
2. Human Resource Under-developed
3. Planning
  1. Establishment of Plan. Com in 1950
  2. Mixed Planning
  3. 2nd 5 year plan
    1. Steel and Dam
      1. Gandhi Sagar Bandh(1st Dam)
    2. Heavy State regulation
  4. Relied on heavy public participation
Communal problems and diversity issues
Constitution
1. Franchise for >21 years
2. Rule of law
  1. Resent Communalism
3. Minorities protected
4. Reservation and abolition of Untouchability
5. Constituent Assembly
  1. Elected in 1945-46
  2. Threats and Opposition
    1. Socialist claim non-autonomy of C.A
      1. Somnath Lahiri Claimed Viceroy's permission still meant non independent Assembly
    2. Muslim League demand separation
    3. Mostly Congress
    4. Elected not with Uni. Adult Franchise
  3. Successes
    1. Although single party but voiced everyone's opinions
    2. Public Opinion taken
    3. Deliberations on cultural rights and social justice
  4. Objectives Resolution 13/12/1946
    1. Necessary to look west
      1. French Revolution,Russian Revolution
      2. Learn from their experience
    2. Fuse Liberal Democracy with socialist economic justice
    3. Context of Social Reformers
      1. Swami Vivekananda, Jyotiba Phule tried to bring social reforms
    4. Aspirations of people must be reflected
    5. Poor the real Minority?(NC Ranga)
      1. Essential to create conditions to effectively Exercise Rights
      2. Tribal people
        Forced from their natural source of livelihood,home.
  5. Separate Electorate Two Views
    1. For Separate(P.Bahadur)
      1. Understanding of aspirations
      2. Cannot choose apt leader
    2. Against Separation
      1. Creation was based on dis-harmonizing
      2. Fear of riots and civil war
      3. In long run make them vulnerable and isolated
    3. Conclusion
      1. Need to think as citizen above any identity
  6. Powers of State
    1. Greater Powers
      1. Center will be overburdened
      2. Weaken States fiscal
        Borrowing from center
      3. Continued disputes with states
    2. Nominal Powers
      1. Cannot ensure peace
      2. International Representation less powerful
    3. Fiscal Federalism
  7. Language of Business
    1. Pro-Hindi
      1. Unifying with mix of all languages
      2. Majority already versed
      3. Stood for Integrity of Nation
      4. Culturally evolved from Sanskrit
    2. Pro English
      1. Popular dissatisfaction in South
      2. Although Hindi Programs in South, can't stop nationalism(south)
      3. Hindi dominance fearful to other languages @ center
    3. Hindi Only as OFFICIAL LANGUAGE, but change needed in 15 years
Formation of States
1. Pretext of division on religious grounds
2. Linguistic division
  1. Creation of Andhra, Potti Sriramulu
  2. State Re-organization Commission 1956
India's Foreign Policy
1. Non Aligned Movement
  1. Not necessarily "Neutral"/"Isolated"
  2. Humanitarian stand
  3. Mostly Newly independent states
Achievements and Discredits
1. Stayed United
2. Faith in rule of law
3. Many social,economic inequalities persist.
Communalism
1. Pre-Partition Unity and Distress
  1. Quit India Movement
  2. Indian National Army Support
  3. Royal Indian Navy Sympathy
  4. Great Calcutta Killings 1946 August
2. Post Partition Problems
Princely State Consolidation

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India After Independence

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