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OCR PSYCHOLOGY: G541 - PSYCHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Descripción
Mapa Mental sobre OCR PSYCHOLOGY: G541 - PSYCHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS, creado por pale_angel2 el 23/10/2014.
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psychology
g541
ocr
psychological investigations
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pale_angel2
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OCR PSYCHOLOGY: G541 - PSYCHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
EXPERIMENTS
TYPES OF EXPERIMENT
LABORATORY
Controlled enviroment; IV is manipulated
STRENGTH: Precise control of variables/easy to replicate
LIMITATION: Low in ecological validity
FIELD
Natural enviroment; IV is manipulated
STRENGTH: High in ecological validity
LIMITATION: Hard to control confounding variables
QUASI
The IV is not manipulated; naturally occuring.
STRENGTH: Not as artifical as a laboratory experiment
LIMITATION: Harder to establish a casual relationship
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
MATCHED PAIRS DESIGN
Different ppts for each condition; matched on a key variable e.g. IQ, age, gender
STRENGTH: Controls ppt varibles without order effects
LIMITATION: Time consuming/expensive
INDEPENDENT MEASURES
Using different ppts for each condition of experiement
STRENGTH: No order effects
LIMITATION: Potential errors from individual differences
REPEATED MEASURES
Testing the individuals in two or more conditions
STRENGTH: Individual differences removed as a potential confounding variable
LIMITATION: Order effects; use counterbalancing
SAMPLING METHODS
OPPORTUNITY
Whoever fits the critesa and is present at the time of the study
STRENGTH: Easy in terms of time and money
LIMITATION: Can produce a biased sample; research may choose people from same social/cultural group
RANDOM
Every member of target population has an equal chance of being selected
STRENGTH: Provides an unbiased representitave sample of your target population
LIMITATION: Time consuming and often impossible to carry out
VOLUNTEER
Ppts volunteer to be part of the study due to response to an advert
STRENGTH: Quick and relatively easy to do
LIMITATION: Ppts may not be representitive of target population
HYPOTHESIS
TWO-TAILED:
Does not predict the expected direction of results
ONE-TAILED:
Predicts the expected direction of results
NULL:
States that there will be no significant difference/results are due to chance
ALTERNATIVE:
States the expected results but with no direction; there will be a significant difference
ETHICS
Participants confidentuality
Personal information will NOT be published; will be confidential
Consent (informed)
The ppts must give informed consent to take part in the study
No physical or mental harm
Researchers must protect ppts from harm during research
Right to withdraw
Make sure the ppts are clear that they can withdraw from the study at any point
Debriefing
Make sure any stress from the procedure is removed; leave them feeling positive about the research
Deception
Tell ppts true aim of research (unless absolutely necessary to decieve them)
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
SELF-REPORT
INTERVIEW
Spoken questionnaire, can be structured (pre-determined q's) or unstructed
STRENGTH: Ppts can descirbe their own experiences, rather then inferring it from observation
LIMITATION: Social desirability basis
QUESTIONNAIRE
Set of questions; in a highly structured written form
STRENGTH: Study large samples of people fairly quickly and easily
LIMITATIONS: Social desirabilty basis
TYPES OF Q'S
OPEN QUESTION
Not restricted to catergories, allows ppt to expand
STRENGTH:
Rich in qual data, in-depth responses
LIMITATION:
Hard to compare to other ppts
CLOSED QUESTION
Allow for limited reponse, ppts can't expand
STRENGTH:
Quan data, easy to compare to other ppts
LIMITATION:
No in-depth insight/responses
LIKERT SCALE
A statement in which a participant has to agree or disagree on a numerical scale
STRENGTH:
More detail than a simple yes or no, gives an idea on how ppts feel
LIMITATION:
Ppts tend choose 'middle' option to appear less 'extreme'
FIXED CHOICE
Questions are phrased so ppts can give a yes, no or maybe response
STRENGTH:
Easy to measure and compare
LIMITATION:
Ppts may feel that their desired choice is not there
OBSERVATION
PARTICIPANT
The researcher is also a ppt in the activity being studied
NON-PARTICIPANT
Where the research does not join in with the activity being observed
COVERT
Researcher is hiding the fact that they are observing
OVERT
Researcher makes it aware to ppts that they are observing them
EVENT SAMPLING
Predetermined catergories, tallys every time the behaviour is seen
if too many observations happen at once you could miss behaviour
TIME SAMPLING
Writes down all behaviour at time intervals, e.g. every five minutes
Some behaviours may be missed w/ writing down all behaviour
PILOT STUDY
Practice study to make sure everything is working
Improves inter-rater reliabilty
CORRELATION
Relationship between two variables
POSITIVE
As one variable increases, so does theother
NEGATIVE
As one variable increases, the other decreases
NO CORRELATION
There is no association between the two variables
LIMITATION: Does not show cause and effect
STRENGTH: Can show the strength of a relationship between two variables
CASE STUDY
A detailed study of an individual or small group
STRENGTH:
Useful in revealing the origins of abnormal behaviour; relates to ppts real life; in-depth, picture providing qual data
LIMITATION:
Cannot generalise results as it only carried out on individuals or small groups
VALIDITY
FACE VALIDITY
To what extent does the research does the research appear to measure what it set out to, on the surface
ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY
Is it representitave of a real life situation?
TEMPORAL VALIDITY
Will the research remain valid over time?
POPULATION VALIDITY
To what extent can the results be generalised beyond the present situation
RELIABILTY
How consistent a study or measuring device is
INTERNAL:
To what extent does the measure is consistent within itself
EXTERNAL:
To what extent does the measure vary from one use to another
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