Principles of Marine Biology

1. oxygen since 2.5 by
2. 1 % during boring billion (2-1 bya)
3. today 21 %

1. major processes of CO2 uptake
   1. weathering
   2. diatom growth
      1. biological carbon pump

1. atmosphere: ~ 800 gt
2. land biota: 550 gt

   Nota:

   • mostly wood!
3. ocean biota: 3 gt

1. physico-chemical properties of environment

1. mortality due to grazers and predators

1. no space holding
   1. defence driving speciation

1. space holding
   1. growth driving speciation

1. allopatric

   Nota:

   • spatial separation, inbreeding impossible
2. sympatric

   Nota:

   • no separation, but no sexual interaction (e.g. because of mutation in sex organs)

1. pathogens
2. predators
3. parasites

1. microbial decomposition
   1. respiration

1. nutrients
   1. macro-
      1. C, O, H, N, S, P, Si, K, Na, Cl
   2. micro-
      1. Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, Co, I etc.
         1. Fe
            1. key limiting nutrient
               1. HNLC-regions
                  1. high nutrient, low chlorophyll
                     1. upwelling regions
                        1. high N and P conc.
                        2. limited PP growth
                  2. subarctic Pacific
                  3. equatorial Pacific
                  4. entire Southern Ocean
                     1. iron fertilization experiments
                        1. deep C export due to induced PP blooms
                        2. 3 Mio t FeSO4/y would be needed
                        3. EISENEX
                        4. EIFEX
                        5. LOHAFEX
2. production
   1. new
      1. based on nitrate uptake
         1. accumulation of biomass
            1. bloom of phytoplankton
   2. regenerated
      1. based on remineralisation
         1. no increase in biomass
      2. greatest part of oceanic production
3. nitrogen cycle
   1. N2-fixation
   2. denitrification
   3. nitrification
   4. nitrogen excretion

1. microbial decomposition
   1. respiration

1. Cyanobacteria
   1. Prochlorococcus (Chl. b)
   2. Synechococcus
   3. colonial genera
      1. Trichodesmium
      2. Anabaena
      3. Nostoc
2. Diatoms
   1. diplpoid
   2. no flagellae
   3. chitin bristles
   4. cell wall of amorphous silica

      Nota:

      • [(SiO2)n(H2O)]
      1. shape
         1. pennate
            1. raphid

               Nota:

               • slid in cell wall used for locomotion
            2. araphid

               Nota:

               • no slid
         2. centric
   5. 40-50 % of marine primary production
   6. toxic for some animals

      Nota:

      • release aldehyde when ingested
3. Haptophytes/Prymnesiophytes
   1. nanoflagellates
   2. Phaeocystis

      Nota:

      • ~ 10 species ~ 3 make colonies start life at the spines of diatoms
   3. Coccolithophorids
      1. calcaerous plates
         1. calcite
4. Dinoflagellates
   1. mixotrophic
   2. haploid

      Nota:

      • sexual and asexual reproduction
   3. 3 feeding modi
      1. direct engulfment
      2. peduncle feeding
      3. palium feeding
   4. toxic species
      1. harmful algal blooms

1. Kitenoplastids/Bodonids
2. Choanoflagellates

   Nota:

   • base of animal lineage
3. heterotrophic nano-/and dinoflagellates
4. Tintinnids

   Nota:

   • ciliates; can't be digested, protein can't be broken down
   1. Choreotrichs
   2. Mesodinium
5. Radiolaria
   1. internal silica skeleton
   2. much older than diatoms
6. Acantharia
   1. celestite skeleton

      Nota:

      • SrSO4
      1. well protected
   2. predators

      Nota:

      • feed on copepods etc.
7. Foraminifera
   1. hundreds of benthic, ~46 planktonic species
   2. calcite/aragonite
   3. diploid

      Nota:

      • sexual reproduction, not only sexual phase!
   4. lunar cycle
   5. us. predators

Nota:

• Copepods, Euphausiids, Coelenterata, Ctenophores, Tunicates, Pteropods, Chaetognaths etc.

1. Copepods
   1. cosmopolitan genera

      Nota:

      • Pseudocalanus, Oithona, Euchaeta, Calanus, Metridia, Acartia, Centropages
   2. 6 nauplii and 6 copepodid stages
   3. about 2/3 muscles: thoracopods
2. 2 types
   1. watery

      Nota:

      • salps & jellies
   2. muscular

      Nota:

      • copepods & krill
3. Cladocerans (Daphnids)
   1. parthenogenetic
   2. filter-feeders
   3. slow swimmers
   4. 3 marine genera
      1. Penilia
      2. Evadne
      3. Podon
4. Euphausiids

   Nota:

   • shrimp-like, e.g. krill large swarms
5. Pteropods
   1. pelagic gastropods
   2. aragonite shells

Nota:

• pico: 0.2-2 µm nano: 2-20µm micro: 20-200 µm meso: 0.2-20 mm macro: 2-20 cm mega: 20-200 cm

1. 106:16:1