GENETIC PROCESSES

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• The production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different sexes.

1. HAPLOID

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   • (Of a cell or nucleus) having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
   1. FERTILIZATION

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      • The action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
      2. OOGENESIS

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         • The production or development of an ovum.
      3. SPERMATOGENESIS

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         • The production or development of mature spermatozoa.
   2. GAMETE

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      • A mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
      1. ZYGOTE

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         • A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
2. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

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   • Mode of reproduction by which offspring arise from  a single organism and inherit the genes from that parent only.

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• A cell responsible for transmitting DNA to the next generation.

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• A set of one maternal chromosome and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis.

1. GENES

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   • A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristics of the offspring.
   1. CROSSING OVER

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      • The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.
2. KARYOTYPE

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   • The number and visual appearance of the chromosomes of the nuclei of an organism or species.

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• A chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds.

1. KARYOTYPE

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   • The number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

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• The fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis.

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• A pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule.

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• A compound (cytosine, adenine, etc.) commonly found in DNA or RNA, consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a sugar. 

1. NITROGENOUS BASES

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   • A nitrogen containing molecule that has the same chemical properties as a base. 
   1. THYMINE
      1. COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRS
   2. GUANINE
      1. COMPLMENTARY BASE PAIRS

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         • Either of the nucleotide bases linked by a hydrogen bond on opposite strands of DNA or double-stranded RNA.
   3. ADENINE
   4. CYTOSINE
2. DEOXYRIBOSE

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   • A sugar derived from ribose.

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• (Of a cell or nucleus) containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. 

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• Any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.

1. AUTOSOMES

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   • Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

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• Stages of mitosis.

1. INTERPHASE

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   • - Cells grow. - Make structural proteins. - Transport nutrients to where they are needed. - Eliminate waste. - Prepares for the next stages of mitosis.
   1. PROTEINS

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      • Repair damaged parts
   2. CENTROMERE

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      • The structure that holds chromatids together
   3. CHROMATIN

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      • The tangled fibrous complex of DNA and protein within a eukaryotic nucleus.
2. PROPHASE

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   • 1st stage of cell division.
   1. CHROMOSOMES

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      • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
   2. CENTROSOMES

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      • Small protein bodies that are found in the cytoplasm of animals cells.
      1. SPINDLE FIBRES

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         • Protein structures that guide chromosomes during cell division. Formed from centrosomes.
3. METAPHASE

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   • The chromosomes line up along the center axis of the cell.
4. ANAPHASE

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   • The chromosomes split up and chromatids are pulled to the opposite ends of the cell.
   1. CHROMATIDS

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      • Each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.
5. TELOPHASE

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   • A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromatids.
6. CYTOKINESIS

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   • Pinching off the cell into 2 parts.

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• Pieces of identical DNA that are crucial in the process of cell replication and division.