Pneumonia

Nota:

• Microbial invasion of the lung parenchyma.

1. Classification

   Nota:

   • Typical vs Atypical. Typical  are normally bacterial infection. Atypical infection are caused by invasions that not within the lung alveolar spaces. Location based, community acquired or nosocomical (HCAP, health care acquired pneumonia) Microbial Agents Radiological
   1. Atypical Pneumonia

      Nota:

      • Children, adolescents, young adults 3-4 days of malaise, headache, fever, dry cough. Infection of the alveola septum Lab findings usually shows hyaline membrane formation
2. Lung Defence

   Nota:

   • Filter from Nose Cough/Gag Reflex Epithelial airway with goblet cells, Mucus + elevator motion of cilia BALT (bronchi activated lymphoid tissue Resident Microphages
3. Demography and epidemiology

   Nota:

   • Extremes of age Impaired drainage of secretions, i.e cystic fibrosis, obstructive neoplasm, foreign bodies. Impaired mucocilliary response Imparied consciousness Fluid in alveoli Immunodeficiency
4. Aetiology

   Nota:

   • Standard inflammation procedure

   Adjunto:

   • Acute inflammation
5. Degree of Severity

   Nota:

   • lobar vs brochopneumonia. Histopathological changes Vascular dilation and congestion Proteinaceous exudate, incl fibrin Leucocyte inflitrate, neutrophils dominate in typical pneumonia.
6. Signs and Symptoms

   Nota:

   • Cough Consolidation seen on chest X-ray Pleuretic chest pain Fever, neutrophil recruitment, purulent exudate Inspiratory crackles (crepitations/rales) Dullness to percussion
7. Pathogenesis

   Nota:

   • Comes in 4 stages in the untreated course of the disease. 1st: Congestion 2nd: Red hepatization (RBC recruitment) 3rd: Grey Hepatization 4th: Resolution (replacement of tissue, and clean up of pus and exudate)
8. Complication

   Nota:

   • Lung Abcesses Empyema Disseminated infection Respiratory failure Organisation of exudate