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1937007
Offences Against the Person
Descripción
A-level Law A2 Mapa Mental sobre Offences Against the Person, creado por amyclare96 el 30/01/2015.
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law a2
a-level
Mapa Mental por
amyclare96
, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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amyclare96
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Resumen del Recurso
Offences Against the Person
Section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988
Assault
Intentionally or recklessly causing the victim to apprehend immediate or unlawful violence.
Nota:
Definition
Ireland; Burstow
Actus Reus
1) Causing V to apprehend violence. No need for physical contact. Depends what V thought was about to happen.
Nota:
Refer to case of Logdon
Logdon
Actions can suffice.
Smith
Words alone are sufficient.
Constanza
Silence
Ireland
No fear of violence and no anticipation= No assault
Lamb
2) Immediate Violence
Smith & Ireland
3) Unlawful Violence
Mens Rea
An Intention to cause V to apprehend unlawful and immediate violence or recklessness whether such an apprehension is caused.
Savage
Cunningham
Nota:
Defined (subjective) Recklessness- causing immediate fear in V.
Direct/Oblique Intention
Nota:
Oblique Intention= Foresight of Consequences Test. Refer to Nedrick/ Woolin/ Matthew & Alleyne Direct= Mohan
Examples
Threatening violence in e-mails, texts, letters
Throwing something that could cause injury
Battery
The unlawful application of force to another
Nota:
Definition and actus reus element.
Actus Reus
Can include a slap, kiss, throwing of a drink, etc.
Thomas
Nota:
Caretaker touched a student's skirt without permission.
Can be an omission
Santana-Bermudez
Nota:
Needle and police officer case.
Can involve pain but not injury but doesn't have too.
Examples
Hitting someone
Black eye
Throwing a drink at someone and it hits them
Slight bruising
Mens Rea
Proof that D intentionally or recklessly applied force to V.
Venna
Recklessness- applying force
Nota:
Cunningham
Section 47 of OAPA 1861
Actual Occassioning Bodily Harm (ABH)
Actus Reus
1) Assault= Both Assault and Battery. Either will suffice.
Examples
Harm to skin, flesh, bones
Extensive brusing
Loss or breaking of tooth or teeth
Temporary loss of sensory functions
2) Occasioning= Causation
3) Actual Bodily Harm
Chan- Fook
'Injury should not be so trivial as to be wholly insignificant'
Nota:
No need for injury to be permanent.
Miller
'any hurt or injury calculated to interfere with the health or comfort of V provided it is more than transient and trivial.'
Mens Rea
Intention or recklessness as to an assault or battery
Nota:
Direct Intention- Mohan Oblique Intention- Matthew & Alleyne Recklessness- Cunningham
Roberts
Savage
Parmenter
Section 20 of OAPA 1861
Grievous Bodily Harm (GBH)
Actus Reus
1) Unlawful- no consent to act by V
2) Wounding- has to be a break in the surface of the skin, both layers, usually with blood loss
Eisenhower
3) Grievous- really serious harm.
OR
Examples
Combination of injuries; broken nose, three lost teeth and concussion
Broken bones
Severe psychiatric illness
Permanent disability
Mens Rea
Malicious in definition- recklessly or intentionally
Recklessly= Some Harm
Nota:
Cunningham
Intention= Direct or Indirect as to causing Some Harm to V.
Nota:
Indirect= Not necessary that D foresaw GBH would be caused, only SOME HARM.
Parmenter
Mowatt
Section 18 of OAPA 1861
Grievous Bodily Harm with Intent
Actus Reus
Refer to Section 20
Mens Rea
Specific Intent ONLY
Direct and Indirect Intention
Nota:
Direct- Mohan Indirect- did D foresee that really serious harm was a virtually certain consequence of his act? See Mathhew & Alleyne
Examples
As per Section 20, however unlikely to include psychiatric illnesses- difficult to prove D intended this.
Resisting Arrest
Nota:
D must intent to resist or prevent an arrest but need not have intended serious harm.
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