Chemistry Revision: Chapter 1 - 4

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• Chemistry Chapter 1 Review

1. Solids, Liquid and Gases
   1. The 3 States Of Matter
   2. Every Thing Is Made Out Of - Particles
      1. Atom - Smallest Particle - Cannot be Broken Down
      2. Molecules - A Particle Of Two or More Atoms Joined
      3. Ion - An Atom Or Group Of Atoms That Carries An Electrical Charge
   3. Properties Of Solid, Liquid and Gas

      Nota:

      • Solid - Fixed Pattern              Vibrates               Really Close Together Liquid - No Fixed Pattern                Slides Past Each Other                Close Together Gas  -   No Arrangement                Move Everywhere             Rapidly               Far Apart from each other
   4. Changing States

      Nota:

      • When we heat a solid, its particle GAIN ENERGY, which causes them to vibrate more. The FORCE OF ATTRACTION between the particles are weakened and the solid therefor melts. Heating it again in a higher temp. causes the force of attraction to weaken even more, causing the liquid to boil(turn into gas)
2. Apparatus For Measuring
   1. Beaker - A simple Container for stirring, mixing and heating a liquid
   2. Conical Flask - Uses to hold chemical in it (same use for a beaker)
   3. Measuring Cylinder - Used to measure the Volume of Liquid accurately
   4. Pipette - transport a measured volume of liquid,
   5. Burette - is used to accurately deliver up to 50cm3 of liquid
3. Method Of Purification
   1. Separating Solid From a Solution
      1. FILTRATION

         Nota:

         • EG. Water and Sand Water can past through the filter paper but sand cant because its particle is to big to past though. So water is left by its own separated from the sand
      2. CRYSTALLISATION

         Nota:

         •  Is used to obtain crysalline solid from a solution. The solvent (a substance that dissovles in a solute) is gently heated to concentrate it, The solvent(usuallt water)  is evaporated. 
      3. CENTRIFUGE

         Nota:

         • Is a machine which spins to separate liquid from solid 
      4. Decanting

         Nota:

         • Is simply pouring off the solution.
   2. Obtain A Solvent From A Solution
      1. SIMPLE DISTILLATION

         Nota:

         • Eg. A solution of salt and water. The solution is heated up. Water which has a lower boiling point then salt has will turn into gas and travel down the condenser where it turns back into liquid, dropping into a beaker. A solution of salt is left behind and a beaker of fresh water.
      2. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

         Nota:

         • Used to separate a mixture of liquids with different boiling points. 
      3. EVAPORATION
4. Diffusion
   1. The Random Movement Of Particles In A Solution Or In Gases Leading To Complete Mixing Of Partilce