Neoplasia-1

1. Parenchyma

   Nota:

   • •Proliferating transformed neoplastic cells •Determines its biologic behavior
2. Stroma

   Nota:

   • •It is the supporting connective tissue where neoplastic cells are embedded. •Provides nutrition (blood vessels) and mechanical support to the neoplastic cells
3. Benign tumor

   Nota:

   • •A tumor is said to be benign when its gross and microscopic appearances are considered relatively innocent, implying that it will remain localized, will not spread to other sites, and is amenable to local surgical.
4. Malignant tumor

   Nota:

   • •Malignant tumors can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites (metastasize) to cause death.

1. Adenoma
2. Papilloma
3. Cystadenoma
4. Polyp
5. Carcinoma
6. Sarcoma
7. Lymphoma
8. Leukemia
9. Tumor mimics
   1. Hamartoma
   2. Choristoma
10. Teratoma
11. Mixed tumor

1. Anaplasia
2. Increased N:C ratio
3. Atypical mitoses
4. Pleomorphism
5. Loss of polarity
6. Central necrosis
7. Tumor giant cells
8. Metastsis
   1. Lymphatic

      Nota:

      • Lymphatic spread is characteristic of carcinomas, 1. Initial spread is to regional draining lymph nodes
      1. Sentinel lymph node
   2. Hematogenous

      Nota:

      • Hematogenous spread is characteristic of sarcomas and some carcinomas. 1. Renal cell carcinoma (often invades renal vein) 2. Hepatocellular carcinoma (often invades hepatic vein) 3. Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid 4. Choriocarcinoma
      1. Osteoblastic
      2. Osteolytic
   3. Transcelomic

      Nota:

      • Seeding of body cavities is characteristic of ovarian carcinoma, which often involves the peritoneum ('omental caking',
   4. Iatrogenic

Nota:

• Canter is the 2nd leading cause of death in both adults and children. 1. The leading causes of death in adults are (1) cardiovascular disease, (2) cancer, and (3) cerebrovascular disease. 2. The leading causes of death in children are (1) accidents, (2} cancer, and (3) congenital defects.

1. Incidence

   Nota:

   • The most common cancers by incidence in adults are (1) breast/prostate, (2) lung, and (3) colorectal.
2. Mortality

   Nota:

   • The most common causes of cancer mortality in adults are (1) lung, (2) breast/ prostate, and (3) colorectal,
3. Etiology
   1. Heridetary cancers
      1. Autosomal dominant
      2. Autosomal recessive

Nota:

• Shipyards(asbestos)- Mesothelioma Aniline dye(rubber and paint)- Urinary bladder cancer PVC -Hepatic angiosarcoma

Nota:

• Chronic ulcer: SCC Schistosoma- Bladder cancer

Nota:

• B. Monoclonal means that the neoplastic cells are derived from a single mother cell. C. Qonality can be determined by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme iso forms. 1. Multiple isoforms (e.g., G6PDA, G6PD.,, and G6PD( ) exist; only one isoform is inherited from each parent. 2. In females, one isoform is randomly inactivated in each cell by lyonization (G6PD is present on the X chromosome).