Chemistry, Unit 1

hazard symbols
1. oxidising
  1. provides oxygen which allows other materials to burn more fiercely
  2. liquid oxygen is an example
2. highly flammable
  1. catches fire easily
  2. petrol for example
3. harmful
  1. not as dangerous as toxic but similar
  2. example:copper sulfate
4. toxic
  1. can cause death by swallowing, breathing in or absorption
  2. hydrogen cyanide
5. irritant
  1. can cause reddening or blistering of the skin
6. corrosive
  1. attacks and destroys living tissues
  2. very concentrated sulfuric acid
pH scale
1. when adding universal indicator to an acid, alkali or base, the substance changes these colours.
  1. a base is a substance with a PH more than 7
    1. an alkali is a base that can be dissolved in water
  2. an acid is a substance with pH less than 7
  3. an acid and a base react together to form salt and water
    1. salts are used in fertilisers and colouring agents within fireworks
HCL and indigestion
1. stomach produces HCL
  1. enzymes work the best in an acidic environment
  2. kills bacteria
2. too much HCL creates indigestion
  1. indigestion tablets contain calcium carbonate ( a base)
    1. neutralise excess acid
metal hydroxides and metal oxides are generally bases therefore they react with an acid to form a salt and water.
1. if it was a metal CARBONATE it would form salt, water and CARBON dioxide when reacted with a acid
Electrolysis
1. The splitting up of a liquid compound by using electricity.
  1. uses a direct current source ( like a battery)
  2. the electrolyte ( the compound we're breaking apart) must be in liquid form in able to conduct the electricity
  3. the electricity is applied to the electrolyte by two electrodes- often made of carbon.
2. we can split up HCL into hydrogen and chlorine
  1. to test for chlorine it will bleach damp litmus paper white after turning it red
    1. chlorine is toxic
      1. used to treat water supplies
      2. needed for the manufacture of bleach
      3. and to create PVC
  2. hydrogen makes a squeaky pop sound when lit with a splint

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