Psychology-Unit One, Approaches

Behaviorists
1. Classical Conditioning
  1. Pavlov Dogs
  2. Unconditioned Stimulus
  3. Conditioned Stimulus
  4. Unconditioned response
  5. Conditioned response
  6. Neutral stimulus
2. Operant Conditioning
  1. Skinners Box
  2. Positive reinforcement
  3. Primary reinforcers
  4. Secondary reinforcers
  5. Negative reinfrocement
  6. Punishment
3. Basic assumptions
  1. behaviour is learnt from experience
  2. Stimulus response links
  3. mind is black box
  4. Punishment stops behaviour
  5. reinforcement strengthens behaviour
  6. scientific and objective
  7. experimental
  8. can generalize from animal behaviour
Social Learning Theory
1. Modelling
  1. observing the model
  2. watch the punishment or reward
  3. repeating behavior at later stage is called modelling
  4. Bandura et al
    1. ethics- protection of p's
    2. demand characrteristics
    3. low ecological validity
  5. likely to model
    1. models similar to P's
    2. high staus
    3. self-esteem
2. mediating Cognitive Factors
  1. Stage one- attentional processes
    1. see it
  2. stage two- retentional process
    1. behavior encoded, remembered it
  3. stage three- motor reproduction processes
    1. ability of observer to preform behaviour
  4. stage four- motivation process
    1. rewards and punishments determine if behaviour is repeated
3. Basic Assumptions
  1. learnt from experience
  2. mental processes are important
  3. copy behaviour that has been rewarded
  4. vicarious reinforcement increases likilhood
  5. demonstrate behaviour when appropriate
Cognitive
1. Basic Assumptions
  1. mental processes are important
  2. mind is like computer
  3. scientific
  4. Objective
  5. mind actively processes infromation
2. model to explain memory
  1. Atkinson and Shiffrin model
3. information processing approach
  1. input processes
    1. 1. sensory registration of stimuli
    2. 2.different senses, from environment
    3. 3. goes to next stage
  2. Storage Processes
    1. 1.selecting and storing information
    2. 2. storage and retrieval of information in memory
    3. 3,create information necessary for producing appropriate response
  3. Output processes
    1. 1. produce appropriate response
    2. 2.retrieve from memory appropriate motor patterns
Psychodynamic
1. Basic Assumptions
  1. mental life happens at unconscious level
  2. psychosexual stages
  3. thoughts held in unconscious by repression
  4. childhood experiences are important
  5. personality has 3 parts, id, ego, superego
  6. defence mechanisms protect ego from harm
  7. individual case studies
  8. Little Hans
  9. Anna O
  10. Slip of the tongue
  11. Dreams
2. Psychosexual stages
3. Oedipious and Electra complex
4. personality
  1. ID
    1. primate part
    2. True Unconscious
    3. Not in touch with real world
    4. Irrational
    5. 'Pleasure principle'
  2. Ego
    1. appears aged 1-2
    2. 'reality principle'
    3. in touch with real world
  3. Superego
    1. result of oedipus and electra complex
    2. 'morality principle'
    3. learnt right and worng
5. defence mechnasisms
  1. Denial
  2. Repression
  3. regression
  4. rationalisation
  5. projection
  6. displacement
  7. reaction formation
  8. strategies used by the ego to protect itself from harm
Humanist
1. basic assumptions
  1. subjective thoughts and feelings of individual
  2. idiographic approach- focus on unquieness
  3. free will
  4. people must be looked at in a holistic view, the whole person
  5. essentially good
  6. strive to reach full potential
  7. heirarchy of needs
  8. problems are due to persons percieved self and ideal self
  9. case studies
2. concepts of self actualisation
  1. self
  2. self-concept
  3. incongruence
  4. self-actualisation
    1. accurate perception of the world
    2. creative
    3. acceptance of other people
    4. detached and needing of privacy
  5. hierachy of needs
3. conditions of worth
  1. client centered therapies
  2. conditions of worth
  3. unconditional positive regard
  4. conditional positive regard
Biological
1. Basic Assumptions
  1. behviour is influenced by genetic makeup
  2. brain essential for thought
  3. chemical processes in brain
  4. brain and mind are same
  5. evolution
  6. scientific
  7. EEG's
  8. MRI
  9. post-mortem
  10. identical and non-identical twins
  11. brain damage
2. Biological structures
  1. phenotype
  2. genotype
  3. Heredity
3. Neurones
  1. Motor
  2. sensory
  3. interneuron
  4. synapse
    1. ACH
    2. Endorphins
    3. serotonin
4. Nervous System
  1. Central nervous system
    1. Brain stem
    2. Cerebellum
    3. cerebral hemisohere
  2. Autonomic Nervous system
    1. Sympathetic
      1. pupils dillates
      2. increase HR
      3. inhibits digestion
    2. parasympathetic
      1. pupils contract
      2. decrease HR
      3. simulates Dgestion
    3. fight or flight?
  3. the endocrine system
  4. the Brain
    1. Broca's- function of speach
    2. Wernickes's- speech comprehension

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