APWH Chapter 26

APWH Chapter 26

Ottoman Empire
1. Economics
  1. Major competition between local artists and imported manufactures
    1. Urban Riots
  2. Merchants became more dependant on commercial dealings with their European counterparts
    1. Accelerated the influx of Western manufactured goods
    2. Undermined handicraft industries
  3. General economic dependence increased greatly
2. Politics
  1. Wanted to build strong nation-states
  2. Inept sultans allowed...
    1. Power struggles between...
      1. Rival ministers
      2. Religious experts
      3. Janissary commanders
  3. Armies deprived of resources to defeat their enemy's advanced weaponry
  4. Russia = Biggest threat
    1. Took Caucasus and Crimea
    2. Ottomans tried to form alliances with other Christian powers
      1. Failed
    3. Istanbul repeatedly threatened
  5. Sultan later viewed as a hindrance to reforms and societal transformation
    1. Abdul Hamid (see vocab node)
      1. Very few radicals in his favor
    2. Retained as a political figurehead
3. Culture
  1. Innovations
    1. Printing press in 1727
4. Reform and Survival
  1. Survival due to
    1. Divisions between European powers
      1. Major support from Britain
  2. Reforms
    1. Initiated by sultans, carried out over the course of the 19th century
    2. Caused tensions within the elite
    3. Tanzimat reforms
      1. 1839-1876
      2. University education was reorganized
      3. Training in sciences and mathematics introduced
      4. Public works
      5. Constitution, as well as other legal reforms
        Economic role of minority religious groups increased
      6. Women did not benefit much from reforms until 1908
Islamic Empires
1. Economics
  1. Middlee class increases in population
  2. Cotton production increases
    1. Expansion of cotton at the expense of food grains
      1. Dependent on a single export
  3. Economy becomes unreliable
  4. Khedives collect revenue
    1. Ayan try to resist
    2. Wasted on luxuries
    3. European financiers lent them money
      1. Wanted access to cheap cotton
      2. Also wanted to possibly build a canal
        Suez Canal (see dates node)
2. Politics
  1. Mahdist upheaval: Counterpart to Taiping rebellion
    1. Brought down existing social order to replace it with a religiously inspired utopian society
  2. Napoleon's invasion of Egypt
    1. Murad (see vocab node)
      1. Thought Napoleon would be easy to deal with
      2. Ignorance leads to a series of defeats
    2. Leads to minimal advantage
    3. British sank most of the fleet in the Battle of Aboukir (see dates node)
  3. Muhammad Ali
    1. Effective ruler of Egypt
    2. Emerged in 1801
    3. Devoted resources to build a European-style military force
    4. Descendants provided a great succession of rulers ( see vocab node)
3. Culture
  1. "Enlightened Thinkers"
    1. al-Afghani
      1. Muhammad Abduh
      2. Both stressed the need for Muslims to borrow scientific technology and learning to revive themselves
Qing China
1. Economics
  1. Taxes and state labor demands were lowered
  2. 10% of budget dedicated to public works
  3. Peasants grew crops for export
  4. Almost plantation like lands
  5. Gap between rural gentry and peasants increased
  6. Commercial and urban expansion increased
  7. New ways to finance agricultural and artisan production
    1. Diversification of crops
  8. Silver, porcelain, and silk
2. Politics
  1. Confucian order still used in 1830's
  2. Qing dynasty begins in 1650s ish
    1. Another name for the Manchu regime
      1. Patrons of the Chinese arts
    2. Began at the decline of the Ming regime
    3. Ruled largest area of China except for the Tang
    4. Kept the political system of the Ming
    5. Manchus ruled disproportionately
  3. Taiping rebellion
    1. Hong Xiuquan
  4. Kangxi (see vocab node)
  5. Self-Strengthening movement
    1. Countered challenge from the West
  6. Cixi
    1. Final empress
  7. Puyi
    1. Final emperor of China
    2. 1912
3. Culture
  1. Generally conservative
  2. Zhu Xi
    1. Respect for rank
    2. Acceptance of hierarchy
  3. Women's lives still sucked
  4. Sun Yat-sen
4. Decline is the same as previous dynasties
5. Opium War
  1. "Barbarians" threatened the empire
    1. China treated the Europeans as barbarians and nomads
      1. Europe had tech advantages over China
  2. Brits got tired of trading goods for silver, and wanted opium instead
  3. China basically threatened their economy and social order
  4. Essentially an early drug war
Vocab
1. Sultan Selim III
  1. r. 1789-1807, believed that bolder initiatives were needed
  2. Initiatives were seen as a threat, assassinated
2. Mahmud II
  1. Secretly built a small army to incite mutiny in the Janissaries
3. Ulama and ayan
  1. powerful conservative groups
4. Abdul Hamid
  1. Attempted to return despotic absolutism
  2. r. 1878-1908
5. Ottoman Society for Union and Progress
  1. Group founded in Paris in 1889
  2. Loyal to Ottoman regime were determined to restore the constitution
  3. Military sympathy = success
6. Mamluk
  1. Slave
  2. Murad
    1. Head coalition of Mamluk households
7. Khedives
  1. Line of succession after Muhammad Ali
8. Ahmad Orabi
  1. Young Egyptian officer
  2. Challenged the influence of foreign interests
9. Khartoum
  1. Center of Egyptian administration in Sudan
10. Muhammad Achmad
11. Ahmad Orabi
  1. Lead the challengers of foreign interests
12. Khartoum
  1. Center of Egyptian administration in Sudan
13. Muhammad Achmad
  1. Led the rebellion against oppression and British invasion
14. Mahdi
  1. Promised deliverer
  2. Khalifa Abdallahi
    1. one of the Mahdi's most skillful military commanders
15. Kangxi (1661-1722)
  1. Confucian scholar and Manchu ruler
16. Compradors
  1. Merchants who specialized in import-export trade
17. Lin Zexu
  1. An official sent to stamp out opium trade
18. Boxer Rebellion
  1. Foreigners wanted europe to maintain its position (?)
Important Dates
1. 1804: Uprising in Serbia
2. 1820s: Uncontrollable Greek Revolt
3. 1830: Greeks regain independence
4. 1867: Serbian freedom
5. 1870s: Ottomans driven out of Balkans
6. 1798: Napoleon invades Egypt
7. 1798: Battle of Aboukir
8. 1952: Khedives are overthrown

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