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THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
- INNATE IMUNITY
- characteristics
- present
before any
exposure
- @ birth
- nonspecific
(small set of
receptors)
- rapid response
- present
before any
exposure
- external barriers
- skin/exoskeleton
- low pH
- low pH
- mucous membrane
secretions
- urinary
- respiratory
- reproductive
- MUCUS> traps
microbes
- hostile
enviro to
microbes
- tears
- saliva
- tears
- urinary
- skin/exoskeleton
- internal
cellular/chemical
defences
- phagocytic cells
- HEMOCYTES in
invertebrates
- vertebrates
- recognizes
pathogens
by TLRs
- white blood cell eats
microbe > fuses
w/lysosome to
destroy it
- white blood cell eats
microbe > fuses
w/lysosome to
destroy it
- recognizes
pathogens
by TLRs
- NEUTROPHILS engulf & destroy
- MACROPHAGES found all over
- DENDRITIC CELLS stimulate adaptive i.
- eosinophils discharge destructive enzymes
- HEMOCYTES in
invertebrates
- NATURAL KILLER CELLS
- circulate in body & detect abnormal cells
- release chemicals > apoptosis
- release chemicals > apoptosis
- circulate in body & detect abnormal cells
- antimicrobial
proteins
- lysozyme
- INTERFERON
interferes w/virus,
helps activate
macrophages
- COMPLEMENT
SYSTEM causes lysis
& helps trigger
inflammation
- lysozyme
- inflammatory
response
- MAST CELLS release HISTAMINES
- blood vessels dilate
- neutrophils phagocytosize pathogens
- neutrophils phagocytosize pathogens
- blood vessels dilate
- activated macrophages &
neutrophils > CYTOKINES
(enhance immune response)
- local vs. systemic
- septic shock
- MAST CELLS release HISTAMINES
- phagocytic cells
- characteristics
- ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
- characteristics
- develops after exposure
- v. specific (vast
array of
receptors)
- slower response
- develops after exposure
- humoral response
- antibodies vs.
pathogens in body fluids
- H-T cell binds to
pathogen via
class II MHC
- cytokines from
H-T cells > B cell
proliferates
- makes memory B cells &
PLASMA CELLS
(antibody-secreting effectors)
- makes memory B cells &
PLASMA CELLS
(antibody-secreting effectors)
- cytokines from
H-T cells > B cell
proliferates
- H-T cell binds to
pathogen via
class II MHC
- B cell a.r. binds to antigen
- cells secrete ANTIBODIES (Ig)
Nota:
- similar to b antigen receptors only not attached to the b cell
- marks
pathogen for
destruction
- opsonization (making
targets for
phagocytosis
- antigen-antibody complex +
complement protein >
complement protein
activation > pores > lysis
- opsonization (making
targets for
phagocytosis
- bind to pathogen
surface proteins to
prevent infection
- bind to toxins in
fluids to stop them
from entering body
cells
- bind to toxins in
fluids to stop them
from entering body
cells
- classes of Ig
- IgD:
membrane
bound
- IgM: 1st
soluble
produced
- igG: 2nd
soluble, must
abundant
- IgA & IgE:
soluble
- IgD:
membrane
bound
- light vs heavy regions
- variable vs. constant regions
- cells secrete ANTIBODIES (Ig)
- antibodies vs.
pathogens in body fluids
- relies on T (thymus)
and B (bone)
LYMPHOCYTES
- ANTIGEN substance that
causes response from T/B cell
- ANTIGEN RECEPTOR on T/B cells
activate them when they come
into contact w/pathogens
- EPITOPE bit of antigen that
binds to antigen receptor
- ANTIGEN RECEPTOR on T/B cells
activate them when they come
into contact w/pathogens
- ANTIGEN substance that
causes response from T/B cell
- cell mediated response
- CYTOTOXIC T CELLS vs
infected body cells
- helper T cell cytokines
- recognize frag of foreign proteins
from infected cells
- bind to class I MHC
- secretes proteins that disrupt
membranes of target cells >
apoptosis
- secretes proteins that disrupt
membranes of target cells >
apoptosis
- bind to class I MHC
- recognize frag of foreign proteins
from infected cells
- helper T cell cytokines
- alpha and beta chains
- variable vs
constant regions
- t cells bind to antigen
fragments
displayed/presented in host
cell (ANTIGEN
PRESENTATION0
- MHC MOLECULES host
proteins that display antigen
bits
- MHC MOLECULES host
proteins that display antigen
bits
- CYTOTOXIC T CELLS vs
infected body cells
- B & T cell development
- diversity of lymphocytes & receptors
- rearrangement of
same gene > variety
of chains
- rearrangement of
same gene > variety
of chains
- self tolerance
- lymphocytes tested for
receptors that may be
spec. to body's own
molecules > apoptosis
/nonfunctional if positive
- lymphocytes tested for
receptors that may be
spec. to body's own
molecules > apoptosis
/nonfunctional if positive
- proliferation
- CLONAL SELECTION
- CLONAL SELECTION
- immunological memory
- EFFECTOR CELLS act immediately
- MEMORY CELLS make
effector cells if antigen is
encountered again
- PRIMARY vs. SECONDARY immune response
- EFFECTOR CELLS act immediately
- diversity of lymphocytes & receptors
- HELPER T CELLS trigger both h
and c-m responses
- signals from H-T > antibodies >
pathogens neutralized + T cells
activated
- ANTIGEN PRESENTING-CELLS have
MHC molecules
- MHC binds to helper T cell
- H-T cell activated
- proliferates & forms clone
- activates appropropriate
B cells
- activates appropropriate
B cells
- proliferates & forms clone
- H-T cell activated
- ANTIGEN PRESENTING-CELLS have
MHC molecules
- signals from H-T > antibodies >
pathogens neutralized + T cells
activated
- active vs passive
- ACTIVE IMMUNITY
- naturally develops
from memory cells
- or from
IMMUNIZATION/
VACCINATION
- naturally develops
from memory cells
- PASSIVE IMMUNITY
- immediate,
short-term
- mother > fetus via
placenta/ breast milk
- artificially
injecting
antibodies
- immediate,
short-term
- ACTIVE IMMUNITY
- characteristics
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