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Philip II (1556-1598)
- 1556- Castile, Aragon, Habsburg Lands in
Italy, Spanish Lands in New World, Burgunian
lands (Netherlands and Franche Comte)
- Monarquia-
Seperate
states with
one ruler!
- Encircled France= conflict
- Monarquia-
Seperate
states with
one ruler!
- Wives
- 1. Maria of Portugal 1543-45
Died giving birth to Don
Carlos
- 2. Mary I of
England
1554-58
- 3. Elizabeth of
Valois 1559-68
- 1568- Don
Carlos died
same year as
EofV. Dutch
propaganda-
The Black
Legend of
Philip II was
spread during
Dutch Revolt
that Philip
killed wife
and son so he
could marry
Anne
- 1568- Don
Carlos died
same year as
EofV. Dutch
propaganda-
The Black
Legend of
Philip II was
spread during
Dutch Revolt
that Philip
killed wife
and son so he
could marry
Anne
- 4. Anne of
Austria 1570-80
(mother of Philip
III)
- 1. Maria of Portugal 1543-45
Died giving birth to Don
Carlos
- Finance:
reduce
Expenditure
and
increase
income
- Bankruptcy= Peace
- 1557 Bankrupt
1559 Chateau
Cambresis
- 1575 Bankrupt
1578 Truce with
Turks
- 1596 Bankrupt
1598 Vervins
- 1557 Bankrupt
1559 Chateau
Cambresis
- Expenditure
- Royal House hold
costs
- Cuts household
expense
- Cuts household
expense
- Ottomans= Lepanto: 1.1m (1571)
- England= Armada:10m (1588)
- Dutch Revolt: 80m (1566-1600)
- Not prepared to scale back
military spending. No
communication between
Council of War and Council of
Finance
- 1576- Sack of Antwerp
- 1576- Sack of Antwerp
- Not prepared to scale back
military spending. No
communication between
Council of War and Council of
Finance
- New palace- El
Escorial: 5m
- Royal House hold
costs
- Income
- Alcabala-
10%
sales tax
- Servicio-
subsidies
granted by
Cortes
- Castile
Tax
- Castile
Tax
- Increase income
- Castilian
Cortes
granted
regular
subsidies.
- Custom
duties raised /
new ones
introduced.
- Sisa (on basic
commodities-
hits poor
hardest)
- Millones
(wine, Oil
and
Vinegar)
- Sisa (on basic
commodities-
hits poor
hardest)
- Philip takes direct
control of custom
houses
- Church-
Royal Third/
1/3 of tithes.
- Three
Graces
- Three
Graces
- Quinto
Real/ Royal
FIfth.
- Silver and Gold
imports peak at 43
million (1591-95)
- Taxation of NW
settlers & Naitives
- Custon duties on NW
trade
- Venality- led to
corruption/inefficiency.
- alienation- selling
Crown land to grandees.
- Juras sold
(government
bonds)
- Castilian
Cortes
granted
regular
subsidies.
- Bankruptcy= Peace
- Social/economic changes
- Vaneer of Pre-eminence (world leader)?-
Dominates Europe & NW. Wealth from
NW. Leading fight against Turks. SO MUCH
POTENTIAL.... but internal issues.
- increasing
population. Particularly in Castle
- increasing demand for food- not
met by agricultural production and
failed harvest= high food prices and
inflation.
- vagrancy and brigandage increases
- vagrancy and brigandage increases
- DECLINES in
1600s- men
fighting, high
rates of
celibacy,
famine and
plague.
- increasing demand for food- not
met by agricultural production and
failed harvest= high food prices and
inflation.
- well
established
wool trade
in North
and NW
Trade in
the South.
- wool trade with Flanders, French and English
interupted by Dutch Revolt and conflict with
France and England.
- Drop in demand of spanish wool due to changing fashions, dutch
revolt and foreign competition. Farmers change to Arable farming-
still does not meet population demand so spain has to import from
N. Europe in exchange for fish and wool.
- Large parts of Spain cannot be
farmed- to arid, high above sea
level, fear of piracy.
- Drop in demand of spanish wool due to changing fashions, dutch
revolt and foreign competition. Farmers change to Arable farming-
still does not meet population demand so spain has to import from
N. Europe in exchange for fish and wool.
- 1561Madrid made the capital-
population shifts from
nearby towns to capital.
- Good
seaborne
Trade.Med
coast
trade links
with Italy
and the
Levant
- Spain is not an economic unit- autonomous
self-sufficient regions, poor inland transport
networks, vadnitry, mistrust
- Heavy toll on roads/bridges/rivers stifles internal trade
- Castile exports raw goods and imports manufactured goods!
- NO INDUSTRY
- NO INDUSTRY
- Seville/ Casa de Contratacion- wealth is illusory. money
goes straight to pay debt(never enters economy)
- NW- source of bullion & exotic commodities.
- wars disrupted trade & put off investors
- INFLATION
- ship building in Bilbao and Barcelona
- SIlk from Valencia and Granada
- Vaneer of Pre-eminence (world leader)?-
Dominates Europe & NW. Wealth from
NW. Leading fight against Turks. SO MUCH
POTENTIAL.... but internal issues.
- England
- 1554-58 Married
to Mary I
- 1561-stops Pope
excommunicating Liz I
- 1568-Liz stops spanish
ships reaching Neth
- 1570s-supports Drakes attacks
- 1585- treaty of Nonsuch:England
allies with Dutch. Reaction to
treaty of Joinville 1584. fear of a
catholic alliance with spanish and
french.
- 1587- Mary scot executed
- 1588- SPanish Armada:FAIL
- 1588- SPanish Armada:FAIL
- 1554-58 Married
to Mary I
- France
- initlially at war (H/V) but
bankruptcy (1557)= Chateau
Cambresis (1559)= 30 years
- 1562- FWOR
- 1584- Henry of Navarre is heir so Phil SIgns treaty of
Joinville (send money and troops to french rebels)
- 1590/92 invades France to stop Henry becoming King
- 1593- Pope Converts Henry
- spain do not pull troops
out. France declares
war (1959)
- 1596-bankruptcy=
1598 Vervins
- initlially at war (H/V) but
bankruptcy (1557)= Chateau
Cambresis (1559)= 30 years
- Turks
- 1551-Tripoli
1555- Bougie
- 1570- Holy League
(Pope/ Genoa/
Venice)
- 1571- Lepanto 30,00
dead turks. 35/230
turkish ships left
- 1578- Truce. Philip needs to focus on N Europe. Pope NOT HAPPY
- 1551-Tripoli
1555- Bougie
- Annexation of Portugual 1580
- Religion- Devout Catholic
- Refused to rule over
heretics/ Protestants
- Council of Trent (1562-63)- uniformity in worship
and dress. growth of religious
literature/art. jesuits ecouraged.
- Inquisition
- 1559-62= 6 Auto de fe.
after 1562 only 6
protestant cases
- degree of censorship. index of banned
books. block spanish from studying abroad=
spain cut off from eternal cultural influences
- Counter Reformation=
Dutch Revolt 1566
- Refused to rule over
heretics/ Protestants
- Dutch revolt 1566
- South= loyal
North= break
away
- high taxation to fund spanish was with
france. Heresy. Nobility alienated from
Philips Government. Absenteeism. Feel
like a spanish colony.
- Philips new
religious policies-
14 new
bishoprics.
inquisition.
reorganised
catholic church
admin.
- 1576 Sack of Antwerp.
- Pacification of Ghent
- Pacification of Ghent
- South= loyal
North= break
away
- Revolt of Moriscos-
1568-70
- Government
- 1561-centralises government
around madrid- more efficient
- timetables council meetings
- Letrados as secretaries- loyal
- 1580s- Juntas for specific issues.
- philip- didnt delegate. workaholic. control frea=
inefficient
- 5 new councils (council of Italy/portugal/Flanders
- uncil independent of each other= conflict
- fractionalism in government
- 1561-centralises government
around madrid- more efficient
- New World
- 1569
Council
of indies
- Virceroys &
Audencias,
balance each
other=
effective
- conquistadores
hard to control
- Philip gave
settlers the right
to explot indian
labour
- distance means law is
difficult to enforce
- 1591-1595:
42,000,000
- Bullion- inflation.
enabled borrowing,
funded wars, bribes
for portugal
- Prestige
- 1569
Council
of indies
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