Materials from the Earth

C1.5 Rocks & Their Formation
1. igneous rocks
  1. solidification of magma/lava
  2. interlocking crystals
  3. slower cooling = larger crystals
  4. e.g. granite
2. sedimentary rocks
  1. layers of sediment compacted
  2. erode easily
  3. may contain fossils
  4. e.g. chalk & limestone
3. metamorphic rocks
  1. from existing rocks by heat/pressure
  2. e.g. marble from chalk/limestone
C1.6 Limestone & Its Uses
1. uses
  1. concrete/cement/glass
  2. construction
  3. steel/iron alloys
2. quarrying
  1. advantages
    1. provides jobs
    2. limestone=important raw material
    3. exported-aids UK economy
    4. jobs help local economies
  2. disadvantages
    1. spoils scenery
    2. lorries produce noise/pollution/traffic
    3. dust/noise
    4. destroys habitats
3. thermal decomposition
  1. CaCO3 --> CaO + CO2
C1.8 Chemical Reactions
1. thermal decomposition
  1. copper carbonate = easiest
  2. zinc carbonate
  3. calcium carbonate = hardest
2. atoms
  1. smallest particle of element
  2. take part in reactions
  3. not created/destroyed
  4. rearranged
3. mass
  1. remains the same in sealed container
4. precipitation reaction
  1. 2 soluble reactants form insoluble precipitate
C1.9 Reactions of Calcium Compounds
1. making limewater
  1. 1. CaCO3 --> CaO+CO2
  2. 2. CaO+H2O --> Ca(OH)2
    1. fizzing,steam,heat
  3. 3. Ca(OH)2+CO2 --> CaCO3+H2O
  4. when CO2 is bubbled through calcium hydroxide limewater is produced
2. neutralising acids
  1. calcium compounds neutralise acids
    1. e.g. in soil
    2. e.g. in power stations to get rid of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
    3. this reduces acid rain

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