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2678449
C1 C2 C3
Descripción
Mapa Mental sobre C1 C2 C3, creado por Lauren Healey el 07/05/2015.
Sin etiquetas
a level
Mapa Mental por
Lauren Healey
, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por
Lauren Healey
hace alrededor de 9 años
21
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Resumen del Recurso
C1 C2 C3
C1
Phase 1 - Volcanoes give out CO2. N & H2O
Phase 2 - Photosynthesis & carbon locked
Phase 3 - Complex organisms evolved
Nitrogen -78%
Oxygen - 21%
Human activity
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Particulates
Sulfur dioxide
Impurities // acid rain
Nitrogen oxides
Monoxide - N2 & O2 - high temp
Dixoide - more O2
Acid rain
Argon - 1%
Fossil fuels are HYDROCARBONS
Burning fuels OXIDATION
H+O2 - H20
C +O2- CO2
Inc. CO2 inc. GREENHOUSE EFFECT
CO - incomplete // poisonous
Particulate - incomplete // soot
O2 lost REDUCTION
Reducing Pollution
Sulfur removed from flue // WET SCRUBBING
Seawater - dissolved // produce CO2, H2O & dissolved sulfate
Alkaline Slurry - sprayed // solid waste product
Catalytic Converter - CO into N & O (REDUCTION) // CO2 - (OXIDATION)
Legal limit on emissions - MOT
Biofuels (Carbon neutral)
Renewable energy
Electric batteries
C2
All materials made up of chemicals
Plants - wood // cotton
Animals - wool // silk
Synthetic - nylon // rubber
Plastic - hard, strong, stiff, low density, mouldable
Nylon fibres - soft, flexible, good tensile strength
Rubber - strong but flexible, mouldable
Depends on materials
Assess suitability
Properties
M.P
Strength - resisting force
Stiffness - not bending
Hardness - difficult to cut
Density - mass per unit volume
Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons
Properties change as chain gets longer
Short - low B.P
Long - high B.P
Strong covalent bonds - C & H
Intermolecular forces diff. molecules
Heated - extra energy
move - overcome forces - gas
covalent - stronger // don't break
Separated by FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
Groups w/diff B.P
Fraction - similar B.P
petrol
Naptha
Kerosene
Diesel
Lubricating oil
Bitumen
Petrochemical fuels & lubes
Chemical synthesis - plastic, medicines, fertilisers
Less useful split - hydrocarbons & ethene for plastics
POLYMERISATION
Monomers join to make polymer
High pressure - polymer chains
Strong rigid - high-density polyethene
Light, stretchy - low-density polyethene
PVC strong durable- rigid or stretch
Heat resistant polymers
REPLACED NATURAL MATERIALS
Plastic kettles
Window frames
Plastic bags
Milk bottles
Close - high density
Spread - low density
Weak - slide over // stretch easy // low MP
Strong - cross links // hard stretch // high MP
Increase length
Add cross-linking agents
Plasticisers (reduce forces)
Crystalline (no branches)
NANOPARTICLES
Natural - sea spray // combustion
Modification
Plastic sport equip. - more durable, stronger, lightweight
Silver nano - polymer fibres - antibacterial props.
Health effects not fully understood
C3
Tectonic plates move away exposed mantle rises and solidifies
Crust magnetised - swap direction
Polarity
Reversed polarity
Pattern determine age
Fossils
Shells & ripples
Grains
Contains minerals
Limestone - CaCo3 // sedimentary // shells or erosion // cement through pores
Carbon - fossilisation // high temp & pressure
Salt - evaporation
Underground salt deposits (ancient seas)
Physical extraction
SOLUTION MINING
Water injected into deposit
dissolve salt make BRINE
Pressure forces BRINE surface
BRINE stored in wells // refined
Subsidence
Burning fossil fuels
Evaporate seawater
Refined salt - flavour // preservative
High blood pressure // stomach cancer // osteoporosis // renal failure
Food Standard Agency
GDA
Dept. Health - risk assessment // advise health
Still include - COST
ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE
Chlorine
CHLORINATION
Kills disease-causing m.o.
Prevents algae growth, bad taste & smells, remove discolouration
Inc. life expectancy - reduce diarrohoeal disease
OXIDATION - 4Hcl+O2 - 2Cl2 + 2H2O
Carcinogenic // cholera // gas - poisonous // liquid - chem burns
Hydrogen
Sodium Hydroxide
ALKALIS
Form OH- ions (aq)
Acid + Hydroxide - Salt + Water
Acid + Carbonate - Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Fat & Oil - Soap
Neutralise acidic soil
Natural dye bind to cloth
Glass production
Some chems, stay in enviro for long time
DDT
Can't be secreted
Accumulated
PCB leak
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Choice of material
Manufacture
Using the product
Product disposal
Bleach
Mercy used - TOXIC
Asbestos - LUNG CANCER
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