Biology B4

Biology B4

B4.3
1. Synthesis
  1. Of polymers
    1. Required by plant cells
      1. Such as starch cellulose from glucose
  2. Amino acids
    1. From glucose and nitates
    2. Proteins in plants
2. Respiration
  1. Aerobic
    1. Requires Oxygen
      1. Glucose+Oxygen---> Carbon Dioxide + Water
    2. Releases more energy per glucose molecule
  2. Takes place in animal & plant cells
    1. Sometimes microorganisms
  3. Anaerobic
    1. Low oxygen
      1. Or none
      2. Animal cells and bacteria
        Glucose---> Lactic acid
      3. Plant cells and microorganisms
        Glucose---> Ethanol+Carbon dioxide
        Applications of anaerobic respiration of microorganisms
        Production of bio gas and fermentation
        In bread making
        In alcohol fermentation
    2. Plant roots in waterlogged soil
    3. Bacteria in puncture wounds
    4. Human cells during vigorous excercise
B4.2
1. Plant cell
  1. Cell Membrane
    1. Allows gases and water to pass through
      1. Controls passage of other molecules
  2. Nucleus
    1. Contains genetic code for enzymes
  3. Cytoplasm
    1. Enzymes used in photosynthesis are produced here
  4. Mitrochondria
    1. organelle
      1. Respiration takes place
  5. Vacoule
    1. Membrane bound sac
      1. Contains molecules
        Glucose dissolved in water
  6. Cell Wall
    1. Rigid box made of cellulose
2. Minerals are taken up by roots
3. Diffusion
  1. Movement of particles from one area of high concentration to a lower concentration
  2. Movement of O2&CO2 during photosynthesis
4. Osmosis
  1. Dilute to concentrated
  2. Movement of water into plant roots
B4.1
1. Life processes
  1. Movement
    1. Respiartion
      1. Sensitivity
        Growth
        Reproduce
        Excrete
        Nutrition
2. Photosynthesis
  1. 6CO2+6H2O-->C6H12O6+6O2
    1. Carbon dioxide+water--> glucose+oxygen
      1. Glucose is converted into carbohydrates
        Cellulose
        Starch
        Stored in leaves
        Can be converted back into glucose
        Both polymers of glucose
      2. Glucose molecules break down in respiration
        Releases energy
        Used to power chemical reactions
  2. Takes place in chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll and enzymes
    1. Water, light and CO2 are taken in by chlorophylls
      1. Oxygen and glucose is taken out
  3. Plants trap energy from sunlight and use it to make molecules for growth
  4. Can be limited by
    1. Temperature
    2. Carbon Dioxide
    3. Light Intensity
3. Enzymes
  1. Are proteins
    1. Speed up chemical reactions
  2. Made by cells according to instructions in genes
  3. Have to be at a specific temperature and PH
    1. They can denature if these are too high
      1. Stop working permenently
      2. Reaction does increase when temperature does
    2. To work at optimum
  4. Active Site
    1. Lock and key model
      1. Molecules have to be the correct shape to fit into the active site of an enzyme
    2. Overall movement of chemicals across cell membrane
    3. Used in absorption of nitrates by plant root
Cells
1. Animal
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Cell membrane
  4. Mitrochondria
    1. Contains enzymes for reactions in aerobic repiration
2. Yeast
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Cell membrane
  4. Mitrochondria
    1. Contains enzymes for reactions in aerobic repiration
  5. Cell wall
3. Bacteria
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Cell membrane
  4. Cell wall
  5. Circular DNA molecule

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