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2902286
Excretion
Descripción
A2 Module 2 Unit 1
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Harry Archer
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Excretion
The need for Excretion
Removal of metabolic waste from the body
Carbon Dioxide
Respiratory acidosis
Breathing out
Nitrogenous Waste
Deamination
Ornithine Cycle
Urea
The Liver
Rich blood supply to carry out metabolic functions
Deoxygenated blood
From the digestive system
Contains varying amounts of compounds (some potentially toxic compounds)
Via hepatic portal vein
Oxygenated blood
From the heart
From aorta via hepatic artery
Supplies oxygen for aerobic respiration
Blood leaves via hepatic vein
Bile duct carries bile from the liver to the gall bladder where it is stored
Divided into lobes
Divided into lobules
Hepatocytes
Cuboidal with microvilli
Metabolic functions
Protein Synthesis
Transformation + storage of carbohydrates
Synthesis of bile
Detoxification
Kupffer cells
Specialies macrophages
Move about sinusoid and breakdown/recycle RBCs
One of the products is bilirubin
Functions
Detoxification
Liver is filled with enzymes with detoxification functions
E.g catalase that can convert hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
Alcohol
Storage
Productions of Bile
Break down of RBCs
Deamination + formation of urea
The Kidney
The nephron
About 1 million in each kidney
Starts in the cortex
In the cortex capillaries form a knot (Glomerulus)
Surrounded by the Bowman's Capsule
Ultrafiltration pushes the blood into the Bowman's Capsule
Leads to the Nephron
Narrow gaps between endothelium of capilaries
Basement membrane consists of fine mesh of collagen fibres
Podocytes have finger-like projections to ensure gaps between cells.
Blood flows from afferent to efferent arteriole
Large to small diameter, increases pressure
Four Parts
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle
Descending limb into medulla
Ascending limb into the cortex
Hairpin Countercurrent Multiplier
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct
After short section of DCT where salt concentrations are altered slightly
Carries high water potential fluid back through medulla to the pelvis
As the water potential of the medulla decreases water begins to diffuse out by osmosis
Selective reabsorption
Mostly occurs in the PCT
CSM in contact with tubule fluid has microvilli
Contains co-transporter proteins (Glucose/AA + sodium ions)
Other membrane also folded + contains sodium-potassium pumps
Many mitochondria for active processes
Osmoregulation
Control of water and salt levels in the body
The permeability of the wall of the collecting duct can be altered
The walls respond to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the blood
End result places more aquaporins into the csm by forming vesicles that attatch/detach from the memberane
Concentration of ADH in the blood can be adjusted
Water potential monitored by osmoresceptors in the hypothalamus
When water potential drops, they lose water and shrink, stimulating neurosecretory cells
Neurosecretory cells are specialised neurones that produce and release ADH where it is stored in the pituitary gland until needed
Kidney Failure
Once they fail completely the body is unable to remove excess water and certain waste products
Treatment
Dialysis
Passes the blood across a dialysis membrane to remove excess fluid, salts + wastes
Kidney Transplant
Testing Urine
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