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3 approaches to Argument
- Classical
- 6 components of the classical
approach: intro, state your case,
proposition, refutation, substiantion
and proof, conclusion.
- purpose of intro:
captures the
attention of the
audience and urges
the audience to
consider your case.
- stating your case:
clarify your issue
and give necessary
background.
- proposition: state
your central
proposition or thesis.
present the subtopics
or supportive points.
- refutation: analyze the
opposition's argument
and summarize it.
point out faulty
reasoning.
- substantiation and
proof: develop your
own case. use ethos,
pathos, and logos.
use good evidence
like examples.
- conclusion:
summarizes your
most important points
and can include
appeals to feelings or
values.
- purpose of intro:
captures the
attention of the
audience and urges
the audience to
consider your case.
- 6 components of the classical
approach: intro, state your case,
proposition, refutation, substiantion
and proof, conclusion.
- Rogerian
- components to the
Rogerian approach
include: an intro, a
neutral statement of
opposite beliefs, a
neutral statement
and explanation, an
analysis, a proposal.
- the intro: briefly
and objectively
defines the issue
or problem.
- stating the
opponents view:
demonstrates the
writer clearly
understands the
opponent's point of
view.
- neutral
statement and
explanation of
your argument:
demonstrates your
position and why it
is valid.
- analysis:
demonstrates that
the two positions
have in common and
what goals and
values they share.
- proposal: a
statement that
resolves the issue in
s way that shows
the interests of both
sides of the
argument.
- the intro: briefly
and objectively
defines the issue
or problem.
- components to the
Rogerian approach
include: an intro, a
neutral statement of
opposite beliefs, a
neutral statement
and explanation, an
analysis, a proposal.
- Toulmin
- basic
components:
claim, grounds,
warrants, backing,
qualifier, rebuttal.
- Claim: a
statement that
you are asking
the other person
to accept.
- grounds: the
basis of a real
persuasion. it is
made up of hard
data and hard
facts.
- warrants:
links data and
other grounds
to a claim.
- backing: gives the
additional support
to the warrant by
answering
questions.
- qualifier: indicates
the strength of the
leap from the data
to the warrant and
could limit how
universally the claim
applies.
- rebuttal: a
counter
agreement
proposed by
the opposition.
- Toulim uses GASCAP
(generalization,
analogy, sign, casualty,
authority, principle).
- Claim: a
statement that
you are asking
the other person
to accept.
- basic
components:
claim, grounds,
warrants, backing,
qualifier, rebuttal.
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