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Molecules to metabolism
- Molecular Biology
- explains living processes in terms
of chemical substances used
- diverse molecular structure
and complex interactions
- Nucleic acids - made of DNA and
RNA used to make genes
- proteins diverse in structure &
control chemical reactions of cell
- reductionist approach - breaking
down into components
- emergent properties
cannot be studied
- explains living processes in terms
of chemical substances used
- Synthesis of Urea
- produced by living organisms
but can be produced artificially
- nitrogen containing
compound with simple
molecular structure
- produced when
there is excess
ammonia
- cycle of reactions with enzymes
- in liver
- through blood stream; filtered
through kidney; passes as urine
- ammonia + CO2 --> ammonium
carbanate --> urea + water
- 100 million
tonnes produced
- mostly used as
nitrogen fertiliser
- produced by living organisms
but can be produced artificially
- Urea and the
falsification of
vitalsim
- falsified by artificial
urea synthesis
- discovered in urine in 1720s;
assumed product of kidneys
- believed that organic
compounds in living
organisms could only be
produced using 'vital principle'
- 1829 theory falsified
by Friedrich Wohler
- all did not abandon theory
- although agreed on chemical and
physical forces, some compounds
not artificially synthesized yet
- falsified by artificial
urea synthesis
- Carbon compounds
- carbon can form 4 bonds
- can make many molecules
- forms covalent bonds
with other atoms
- single bonds
- double and 2 singles
- single bonds
- produces stable molecules
- complex
structures
- can be linked with
other carbon atoms
and other elements
- carbon can form 4 bonds
- Classifying carbon
compounds
- Carbohydrates
- C, 2H, O
- characterized
by composition
- C, 2H, O
- Lipids
- broad class
- water insoluble
- steroids, waxes, fatty
acids, triglycerides
- broad class
- Proteins
- one or more chains
of amino acids
- C, H, N, O
- 2 contain
sulphur
- one or more chains
of amino acids
- Nucleic acids
- chains of subunits;
nucleotides
- C, H, N, O, P
- RNA and DNA
- chains of subunits;
nucleotides
- Carbohydrates
- Metabolism
- web of enzyme
catlayzed reactions
- sum of all reactions
in a living organism
- series of pathways
which transforms
molecule; small steps
- cycles and
chain reactions
- over 1000 processes
in simple organisms
- web of enzyme
catlayzed reactions
- Anabolism
- synthesis of complex
molecules form
simple molecules
- formation of macromolecules from
monomers through condensation
- anabolic steroids
promote body building
- require ATP
- protein synthesis
using ribosomes
- DNA synthesis
during replication
- Photosynthesis
- synthesis of
complex carbs
- synthesis of complex
molecules form
simple molecules
- Catabolism
- breadkown of
complex molecules
into simple molecules
- hydrolysis of
macromolecules into
monomers
- release ATP
- Digestion
- Cell respiration
- breadkown of
complex molecules
into simple molecules
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