practice examples to translate from L1 into L2 or vice versa
PRAGMATICS
focused on reading and writing literary materials
SOCIOLINGUISTICS
Direct Method
emphasized exposure to oral language
listening and speaking as the primary skills
required teachers to be highly proficient in the target language
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
sociocultural theory
Reading Method
promoting reading skills through vocabulary management
Audiolingualism
close attention to pronunciation
intensive oral drilling
focus on sentence patterns
memorization
Early History
Plato and Aristotle
grammar
rhetoric
to promote a philosophical approach to life
The development of dialectic
Samuel Johnson
Dictionary of the English Language
Robert Lowth
Short Introduction to English Grammar
New Perspectives on Teaching the Four Skills
LISTENING
SPEAKING
PRONUNCIATITON
READING
WRITING
Authors
attack on the behaviorist underpinnings of structural linguistics
suggested that children form hypotheses about their language that they tested out in practice
universal grammar
posited that children are born with an understanding of the way languages work
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS
Noam Chomsky
Hymes
communicative competence
language competence consists of more than just being able to "form grammatically correct
sentences but also to know when and where to use these sentences and to whom"
Stephen Krashen
focused attention on the role of input
Monitor Theory
posited that a second language was mainly unconsciously acquired through exposure to
comprehensible input rather than being learned through explicit exercises