Brain Functions Dejah Van Assche 2/20/2022

Learning
1. Long-term potentiation (LTP)- strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons, how learning occurs
2. Non-Associative- learning with one stimulus
  1. Habituation- behavioral response to a stimulus decreases
  2. Sensitization- behavioral response to a stimulus increases
3. Associative- learning the relationship between two pieces of information
  1. Classical Conditioning- learning where a stimulus produces another stimulus
    1. Unconditioned stimulus- stimulus not learned; instinctive prompts to react
    2. Unconditioned response- response not learned; reaction that is elicited instinctively
    3. Conditioned stimulus- learned stimulus; prompts reaction after learning
    4. Conditioned response- learned response; reaction that is elicited after learning
  2. Operant conditioning- learning a behavior leads to a certain outcome
4. Watching others- learning by observing how others behave
  1. Observational- learn or change behavior after watching another engage in that behavior
  2. Modeling- displaying a behavior that imitates a previously observed behavior
  3. Vicarious conditioning- learning to engage in a behavior or not, after seeing others being rewarded or punished for performing that action
Knowledge/ Thinking
1. Analogical representation- usually corresponds with images; relates images with meaning
2. Symbolic Representation- abstract, usually consists of models and ideas; no relationship to physical qualities of objects
3. Concepts- specific knowledge about a particular object
  1. Prototype model- concepts organized in hierarchical categories; other concepts are categorized as similar or different from the prototype based on how many characteristics they share with the prototype
  2. Exemplar model- concepts not organized hierarchically; no single concept is the best member of a category
4. Stereotypes- generalizations; reinforces beliefs about people in particular groups
5. Heuristic- often unconscious, informal way to make a decision; adaptive, "rule of thumb"
  1. Availability- tendency to make a decision based on information that comes to mind; relies on information that is easy to retrieve from memory
  2. Representative- tendency to place people or objects in a category if they are similar to the concept that is the prototype; can lead to faulty reasoning
  3. Affective- emotion based decisions
6. Problem Solving Strategies
  1. Subgoals- using a set of goals to reach an ultimate goal
  2. Working backward- starting from the goal state to the initial state
  3. Analogy- using similarities from the current issue with past issues
  4. Insight-metaphorical lightbulb; happens only when you stop thinking about it
  5. Restructuring- strategy consists of mentally representing the problem in a novel way
7. Intelligence-ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental challenges
  1. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Memory
1. Encoding- changing information into a neural code the brain can use
  1. Chunking- recoding information into a different code for short- term memory; using schemas or letter combinations; reduces the amount of information to be remembered
2. Storage- maintaining information for some use
  1. Sensory- initial memories utilizing senses (sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch)
  2. Short-term- small amount of information could be encoded; use of working memory can improve short-term
    1. Recency effect- better memory of items most recent or at the end of a list
    2. Anterograde amnesia- lose ability to for new memories; potentially lose short-term memory
  3. Long-term- nearly limitless capacity; information that may help survival may be added
    1. Primacy- better memory of items at the beginning of a list
    2. Retrograde amnesia- lose memories from past events, facts, people, and personal information; potentially lose long-term memory
  4. Schemas- mental structures; collections of ideas, prior knowledge, and experiences that help organize information and guide thought and behavior
3. Retrieval- accessing the information for use
  1. Consolidation- making neural connections stronger and creating new neural connections; especially in Hippocampus
  2. Reconsolidation-idea that memories can change each time they are retrieved
  3. Retrieval cue- anything that assists in accessing a memory

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