U8 The Second World War

1. expansionist policy
   1. enlarge their territories
2. humiliated by the Treaty of Versailles
   1. nationalism
      1. aggressive foreign policy
3. Japan (ally)
   1. expansion
      1. Asia
4. Italy, Germany & Japan
   1. military alliance
5. democratic countries
   1. US
      1. did not want to get involved
   2. UK & France
      1. avoid conflict with Germany
   3. League of nations
      1. no agreement
         1. Germany, Italy & Japan leave

1. Japan
   1. Manchuria, 1931
      1. rest of China, 1935
2. Italy
   1. Ethiopia, 1935
      1. Albania
3. Italy & Germany
   1. Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939
      1. soldiers and arms to insurgents
4. Germany, Hitler
   1. Rhineland, 1936
   2. Austria, 1938
   3. Czechoslovakia hands over Sudeteland
   4. Czechoslovakia disappeared
      1. Bohemian & Moravia
         1. German protectorates
      2. Slovakia
         1. satellite state

1. Munich Conference, 1938

   Nota:

   • From left to right, the British Prime Minister Chamberlain, the French Prime Minister Daladier, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini at the Munich Conference. Hitler gained approval from France and Great Britain to occupy Sudetenland, a part of Czechoslovakia.
   1. to stop Germany's territorial aspirations
      1. Hitler signed
         1. it did not last for long

1. treaties
   1. Rome-Berlin Axis treaty
      1. Germany & Italy take part in
         1. Spanish Civil War
   2. Anti-Comintern Pact
      1. Germany & Japan
         1. against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
         2. Italy
   3. Pact of Steel
      1. Hitler & Mussolini
2. 1939, Hitler demanded the return of
   1. the Danzing Corridor

      Nota:

      • The Danzig Corridor was a German territory that was awarded to Poland under the Treaty of Versailles and provided Poland with access to the sea. It separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany.
      1. France & UK
         1. military support

            Nota:

            • in a defence pact
            1. Poland
3. September,1939
   1. Germany invaded Poland
      1. France & UK declared war on Germany
         1. The Second World War began
4. 1939, Hitler & Stalin
   1. secret agreement
      1. Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
         1. divide Poland between them
            1. Uk joined France & Poland
               1. defence pact
            2. German soldiers dismantling a Polish border crossing point, 1939.

1. invaded by Germany
2. & the USSR
3. divided up between Germany and the USSR

1. the Netherlands
2. Belgium
3. Luxembourg
4. France
   1. split into two regions
      1. one occupied by the Germans
      2. the other, Vichy France, independent ally of Nazi Germany

Nota:

• lost by Germany after the Treaty of Versailles

1. entered the war on Germany's side

1. Battle of Britain, 1940
   1. German air force
      1. bombed English ports and cities
2. Battle of the Atlantic, 1940
   1. German submarines
      1. attacked ships carrying supplies to the UK

1. North Africa, Italians and Germans
   1. against British
   2. Hitler stop the Uk from having access to the Canal of Suez
      1. Germans attacked Egypt
2. Germany
   1. conquered
      1. Yugoslavia
      2. Greece
   2. Operation Barbarossa
      1. against Russia
         1. outskirts of Leningrad (St Petersburg) & Moscow
3. Japan's expansion across the Pacific
   1. USA
      1. embargo on the supply of steel and oil
         1. Japan attacked
            1. US fleet at Pearl Harbour naval base
               1. US declared war on Japan
4. 1941, the war spread throughout the world
   1. The Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis seemed invisible

1. annexed regions
   1. part of the Reich
      1. Alsace-Lorraine

1. Vichy France

1. Poland
2. the Baltic countries

1. raw materials
2. agricultural produce
3. industrial goods
4. many workers
   1. forced to go and work in Germany
5. prisoners of war
   1. used as labour in German factories

1. collaborators with the Nazis
2. Resistance

1. strict control over the civilian population
   1. Resistance members
      1. arrested, deported or executed
   2. Jews
      1. persecuted and transported to
         1. concentration camps

1. UK, Churchill
2. US, Roosevelt
3. USSR, Stalin
4. reorganised economies
   1. according to
      1. military needs
         1. war
            1. Allies' favour
               1. US forces and arms
                  1. deployed to the UK
               2. US forces
                  1. stopped Japan's advance across the Pacific
               3. in North Arica
                  1. the British
                     1. defeated the Germans at El-Alamenin
                        1. Allied forces
                           1. beat Germany in Tunisia
                              1. North Africa
                                 1. Allies's platform to invade Italy
               4. 1942-1943, German siege of Stalingrad
                  1. Germans surrended
               5. The Russians liberated Leningrad, 1944
                  1. recovering Ukraine

1. landed in Sicily
   1. conquest of Southern Italy
      1. Mussolini overtrown
         1. Italian army surrended

1. controlled the rest of Italy
   1. Mussolini
      1. head of the Italian Social Republic
         1. under the Natzi control

1. Operation D-Day
   1. beginning of the liberation of Europe

1. Elbe River on 26 April 195
   1. Hitler commited suicide
      1. Germany surrended on 8 May 1945

1. Japan kept fighting

1. new weapon, the atomb bomb
   1. 1945, US aeroplanes dropped two bombs
      1. Hiroshima
      2. Nagasaki
      3. 150 000 died
         1. Japan surrended
            1. on 2 September 1945
               1. The Second World War was over

1. in all defeated countries
   1. collaborators
      1. helped the Nazis
         1. deportation and mass murder
            1. concentration camps
               1. Mathausen
               2. Auschwitz

1. over 50 millions people died, mostly civilians
2. destruction in towns, cities and industry
   1. inflation
3. some countries did not take part in the war
   1. acted as suppliers
      1. economy growth
   2. Canada
   3. Switzerland
4. horror of war
   1. human rights violations
   2. violence
   3. cruelty
   4. deportations
   5. displacement
5. two new powers emerged
   1. USA
   2. USSR
6. Europe, less dominant power

1. to eradicate the Nazi regime
2. divide up Germany and Austria
   1. into four areas

1. defeated Germany
   1. Truman(USA), Attlee (UK) & Stalin (USSR)
      1. Germany's punishment
         1. return lands and annexed regions
         2. separate from Austria
         3. dismantle its military industry
         4. change the border between Germany & Poland
         5. Nazi leader on trial
            1. at an international court
      2. differerent economic and political ideologies
         1. USA
            1. capitalism
            2. parliamentary democracy
         2. USSR
            1. communism
            2. one-party rule
         3. Europe
            1. divided into
               1. east
                  1. freed from the Nazi rule
                     1. by the Soviet army
               2. west
                  1. libreated
                     1. by USA & British forces
               3. rivalry between the two new global powers

1. new map of Europe
   1. USSR annexed
      1. eastern part of Poland
      2. the Baltic nations
      3. East Prussia
      4. parts of Finland and Romania

1. Churchill
2. Roosevelt
3. Stalin
4. joint military measures
   1. to bring war to an end

1. 46 states
   1. maintain international peace
   2. promote and defend human rights
   3. cooperation between different peoples
   4. people's right to self-determination
   5. all members represented at the UN General Assambly
      1. A Security Council
         1. five permanent members
            1. USA
            2. USSR
            3. UK
            4. France
            5. China
            6. can veto the Assambly's decisions