Psy-102 Nailet Casanova. March 13, 2022

Nota:

•  The frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes are the four brain lobes . The frontal lobe is placed in the front of the brain and extends back to a fissure called the central sulcus. Reasoning, physical control, emotion, and language are all controlled by the frontal lobe. It includes the motor cortex, which is responsible for movement planning and coordination; the prefrontal cortex, which is in charge of higher-level cognitive functioning; and Broca's area, which is crucial for language creation (courses lumenlearning,2022).

Nota:

• Cerebrum The cerebrum (front of the brain) is made up of gray matter (the cerebral cortex) and white matter in its core. The cerebral cortex is split into two parts, or hemispheres. The corpus callosum is located in the core of the cerebrum. Brainstem The brainstem (middle of the brain) links the cerebrum to the spinal cord. Pons. The pons, named after the Latin word for "bridge," connects the midbrain to the medulla. Medulla. The medulla is located at the bottom of the brainstem and is where the brain joins the spinal cord. The medulla is necessary for survival. Cerebellum The cerebellum ("little brain") is a fist-sized part of the brain positioned in the rear of the head, below the temporal and occipital lobes and above the brainstem. New research is looking at the cerebellum's functions in thinking, emotions, and social interaction, as well as its likely connection in addiction, autism, and schizophrenia (hopkinsmedicine,2022).

1. Cerebellum

   Nota:

   • The cerebellum is found toward the rear of the skull, beneath the temporal and occipital lobes and above the brainstem. Its purpose is to coordinate voluntary muscle movements and to keep posture, balance, and equilibrium. New research is being conducted to investigate its involvement in thinking, emotions, and social behavior (hopkinsmedicine,2022)
2. Cerebrum

   Nota:

   • The cerebrum (front of the brain) is made up of gray matter (the cerebral cortex) and white matter in its core. The biggest region of the brain, it initiates and directs movement as well as controls temperature. Other functions are related to vision, hearing, touch, and other senses (hopkinsmedicine,2022)
3. Brainstrem

   Nota:

   • The cerebrum is linked to the spinal cord through the brainstem (middle of the brain). The midbrain, pons, and medulla are all part of the brainstem (hopkinsmedicine,2022).

Nota:

• The limbic system is a collection of interrelated structures deep within the brain. It is the portion of the brain in charge of behavioral and emotional reactions. The amygdala is involved in fear and anger, whereas the hypothalamus controls sexual and physical reactions as well as body temperature (Brainfacts,2022).

1. Amygdala, Hypothalumus, Hippocampus, Limbic Cortex.

   Nota:

   • The amygdala is a paired, almond-shaped structure located deep inside the brain. Emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation are all integrated. In his investigations of digestion in dogs, Russian biologist Ivan Pavlov initially developed classical conditioning, in which a stimulus evokes a certain response through repeated exposure (Brainfacts, 2022).
   • Hypothalamus. Aside from mediating emotional reactions, the hypothalamus is also involved in sexual responses, hormone release, and body temperature regulation. Hippocampus. The hippocampus aids in the storage and retrieval of memories. It also influences how you perceive the spatial dimensions of your surroundings. Amygdala. The amygdala aids in the coordination of reactions to items in your surroundings, particularly those that elicit an emotional response. This structure is significant in fear and rage. The limbic cortex. The cingulate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus are two structures found in this region. They have an effect on mood, motivation, and judgment when combined (Brainfacts,2022).
   1. Fear,Anger,Happiness,love etc

      Nota:

      • Happiness is defined as a general sense of well-being or contentment. When you're joyful, you tend to think and feel positively. According to research, the happy response is triggered in part by the limbic cortex. The precuneus is another region that plays a function.
      • Fear is a vital feeling that helps you respond effectively to potentially dangerous circumstances. It is caused by amygdala and hypothalamus activation. The amygdala activates the hypothalamus, causing the fight-or-flight response to be triggered. This explains why some people with brain injury react differently to potentially harmful circumstances (Brainfacts,2022).
      • Anger is a defensive reaction to dangers or pressures in your surroundings. Similarly to the fear reaction, anger begins with the amygdala activating the hypothalamus. Parts of the brain's prefrontal cortex may also have a role in rage. People who have had injury to this region have difficulty managing their emotions, particularly anger and violence.
      • The hypothalamus of the brain is in charge of producing hormones that make love a desired emotion. Dopamine, oxytocin, and vasopressin are hormones connected with the desire to be near to someone. As these sentiments intensify, the hypothalamus releases additional hormones such as serotonin and endorphins.