null
US
Iniciar Sesión
Regístrate Gratis
Registro
Hemos detectado que no tienes habilitado Javascript en tu navegador. La naturaleza dinámica de nuestro sitio requiere que Javascript esté habilitado para un funcionamiento adecuado. Por favor lee nuestros
términos y condiciones
para más información.
Siguiente
Copiar y Editar
¡Debes iniciar sesión para completar esta acción!
Regístrate gratis
364144
Reactions of Alkenes
Descripción
(Alkenes) Organic Chemistry Mapa Mental sobre Reactions of Alkenes, creado por isiylala el 16/11/2013.
Sin etiquetas
alkenes
organic chemistry
organic chemistry
alkenes
Mapa Mental por
isiylala
, actualizado hace más de 1 año
Más
Menos
Creado por
isiylala
hace casi 11 años
121
3
0
Resumen del Recurso
Reactions of Alkenes
Electrophilic Additions
Addition of HYDROGEN HALIDES
Adjunto:
Reactions of Alkenes - created from Mind Map
Free Radical Addition of HBr: Anti-Markovnikov Addition
Does NOT include HCl or HI
Peroxides give rise to free radicals that initiate addition
Nota:
The oxygen-oxygen bonds are relatively weak so it can break to give any two alkoxy radicals
Alkoxy radicals (R - O) initiate the anti-Markovnikov addition of HBr
Addition of Water: Hydration
Nota:
Adding excess H2O to drive the equilibrium toward the alcohol
Follows Markovnikov's rule
May take place with rearrangement
Hydration by Oxymercuration-Demercuration
Nota:
Makes alcohols
Follows Markovnikov's orientation
No free carbocation is formed so no rearrangements or polymerization can occur
Reagent used is mercuric acetate, Hg(OCOCH3), which is abbreviated as Hg(OAc)2
Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration
Nota:
Alcohol solvent Alcohol is the nucleophile that attacks the mercurinium ion
Makes ethers
Follows Markovnikov's orientation
Hydroboration
Nota:
Anti-Markovnikov's orientation
BH3 adds to the double bond of an alkene to give an alkyborane
Oxidation
Nota:
H2O2 (peroxide) oxidizes the alkylborane to an alchol
Addition of Halogens
Nota:
Solvents must be inert to halogens CH2Cl2-methylene chloride CHCl3-chloroform CCl4-carbon tetrachloride
Anti-addition because the nucleophilic halide must do a back-side attack
Halohydrins
Nota:
Forms alcohols with a halogen on adjacent carbons
Water is the solvent and nucleophile
Back-side attack by the nucleophile ensures anti-addition
Follows Markovnikov's orientation
Catalytic Hydrogenation
Nota:
Syn-addition
A reduction with H2 gas adding across a double bond to produce an alkane
Catalyst required is usually Pt, Pd, or Ni.
Alkene is usually dissolved in alcohol, an alkane, or acetic acid
Addition of Carbenes
Nota:
Carbenes - uncharged, reactive intermediates that have a carbon atom with two bonds and two non-bonding electrons
Forms cyclopropanes
Simmons-Smith Reaction
Nota:
Reagent is methylene iodide added to a zinc-copper couple (zinc dust). Also called a carbenoid.
The cis or trans stereochemistry of the products is retained from the reactants
Epoxidation
Nota:
Converts alkenes into different functional groups
Uses peroxyacids which are carboxylic acids with an extra oxygen atom
cis or trans stereochemistry is retained from the reactant
Acid-Catalyzed Opening of Epoxides
Nota:
An acid protonates the epoxide and water, the nucleophile, attacks the protonated epoxide to open the ring and form the 1,2 diol (glycol)
Anti-stereochemistry of hydroxyl groups
Syn-Dihydroxylation
Nota:
Both reactions will produce syn stereochemistry in the products
Osmium Tetroxide
Permanganate Dihydroxylation
Oxidative Cleavage
Permanganate
Nota:
Break the C-C double bond to form carbonyl groups
Aldehydes further oxidize to carboxylic acids
Ozonolysis
Nota:
Break C-C double bonds to generate carbonyl groups
Aldehydes are not further oxidized
Polymerization
Recursos multimedia adjuntos
free_radical_addition (image/png)
acid_catalyzed_hydration_of_alkenes (image/jpg)
Oxymercuration-Demercuration.gif (image/gif)
Oxymercuration-Demercuration (image/jpg)
1-hydrobor-mech (image/png)
hydroboration-oxidation (image/png)
add_halogen_alkene (image/jpg)
halohydrin_formation (image/jpg)
catalytic_hydrogenation_of_alkene (image/jpg)
epoxide1.gif (image/gif)
epoxide1.gif (image/gif)
hydroxylation_of_alkene (image/png)
Mostrar resumen completo
Ocultar resumen completo
¿Quieres crear tus propios
Mapas Mentales
gratis
con GoConqr?
Más información
.
Similar
A Level Chemistry Unit 1 - Organic Chemistry
charlottehyde
Water and Organic Macromolecules
Selam H
Organic Chemistry
Ella Wolf
A2 Organic Chemistry - Reactions
yannycollins
C2: Material Choices Test
James McConnell
Crude Oils and others quiz
Dale George
Organic Nomenclature
mahnoor.gohar
Alcohols
Bee Brittain
Polymerisation.
anjumn10
Mechanisms
DauntlessAlpha
Carboxylic Acids
Kassie Radford
Explorar la Librería