Public Speaking

Communication
1. sender/ speaker
2. message
3. receiver/ listener
4. 3 Benefits
  1. Personal
  2. Professional
  3. Social
5. Process
  1. People
    1. Frame of Reference: sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values and attitudes
  2. Messages
    1. verbal / non- verbal
  3. Channel
  4. Interference
    1. internal / external
  5. Feedback
    1. verbal / non-verbal
  6. Context
    1. comm. happens here
6. 3 Models
  1. Actional
  2. Interactional
  3. Transactional
    1. most effective
Developing Confidence
1. Communication Apprehension: an individual's fear or anxiety associated w/ real or anticipated comm. w/ others commonly known as being nervous
  1. 3 Causes:
    1. Heredity
    2. Learned
    3. Skills Deficit
      1. Self Awareness: occurs when you begin to reflect on your perceptions of yourself and on the perceptions of other
        Self Concept: how you see yourself
        Self Image: self description
        Self Esteem: worth
        Jahari Window
Ethical Standards
1. Political
2. Human
3. Dialogic
4. Situational
5. Plagiarism
  1. Intentional
    1. Global
      1. entire work
    2. Patchwork
      1. key words/ phrases
  2. Unintentional
  3. occurs when you present someone else's words or ideas as your own
6. Moral
Perception & Self Concept
1. perception: process by which we select, organize, and interpret the world around us
2. STEPS
  1. Select: calling attention to whatever we're thinking about
  2. Organize: make sense of what's happening
  3. Interpret: assigning meaning to events around you through closure and context
Topic Selection
1. 3 things to consider:
  1. Ourselves
  2. Audience
  3. Occasion
2. Types of Speeches:
  1. Informative
  2. Persuasive
  3. Entertainment
    1. not usually prepared
3. Further Breakdown
  1. General
    1. overall intent of the message
  2. Specific
    1. determined by topic
  3. Thesis Statement
    1. provides overview of entire presentation
Audience Analysis
1. the process by which we gather and analyze information about our audience and adapt our message to their knowledge, interest, attitudes, and beliefs
2. before
3. before, during, after
4. When to analyze:
5. Audience Centeredness
6. Demographics: age, gender, religion, etc.
7. 6 Factors to Consider
  1. size
  2. setting
  3. type
  4. interests
  5. knowledge
  6. attitudes
Gathering Materials
1. Supporting Material
  1. Statistics
    1. Analogies
      1. Fact
        Example
        Testimony
Organizing Ideas
1. Organizational Patterns:
  1. Chronological
    1. in order
  2. Spatial
    1. according to place or position
  3. Causal
    1. cause/effect
  4. Topical
2. Transitions
  1. Signpost
    1. signal the next point
    2. "first, next, third"
    3. phrases
Intro & Conclusion
1. Introduction
  1. Attention Getter
    1. Relevance
      1. Credibility
        Preview
2. Conclusion
  1. Goals
    1. Summary
    2. Memorable Close
  2. Elements
    1. Signal end of speech
      1. Reinforce central idea
        Summarize
        End with quotation
        Make dramatic statement
        Refer to Intro
Outlining
1. Preperation Outline
  1. full sentences/ follow exact order
2. Speaking Outline
  1. notes/ used to jog your memory during speech
Language
1. Connotation
  1. variable, figurative, and subjective, suggests or implies something, meaning suggested by emotion
2. Denotation
  1. precise, literal, and objective, dictionary definition
Delivery
1. conveys the speaker's ideas clearly, interestingly, and w/o distracting the audience
  1. "conversational quality"
  2. Speaker's Voice
    1. volume
      1. pitch
        inflections
        avoid monotone
        rate
        pauses
        vocal variety
  3. Speaker's body
    1. personal appearance
      1. movement
        gestures
        eye contact
2. Methods
  1. Reading from a manuscript
  2. Reciting from memory
  3. Speaking Impomptu
  4. Speaking etemporaneously
Visual Aids
1. visual literacy: the ability to interpret visual messages

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