Morphology

Morphology

Branch of linguistics
1. Investigates
  1. Words
    1. Internal structure
      1. Through the study of
        Morphemes
        The smallest linguistic pieces with a grammatical function
        morph
        the phonological realization of a morpheme
        Stem
        base morpheme to wich another piece is attached
        simple or root
        the core of the word
        only morphological simple units
        complex
    2. How they are formed
Word Formation Process
1. Unpredictable, Blending and Acronyms
  1. "oddities"
    1. Clipping
      1. cutting off the beggining, end or both
        lab
        prof
        dorm
    2. Blending
      1. fusion of 2 words
        gasohol = gasoline + alcohol
    3. Acronyms
      1. derived from the initials of several wors
        UFO
        SALT
2. Affixation, compounding, conversion
  1. Affixation
    1. Prefixes
      1. Before a base
    2. Suffixes
      1. After a base
        Forming nouns
        dom - kingdom
        tion - categorization
        ncy - excellency
        Forming verbs
        ify, ize - purify, colonize
        en - shortne, widen.
        Forming adjectives
        nal - educational
        able, less - tireless, believable
        sh - greenish
    3. Infixes
      1. Do not occur
      2. strings that attaches in the middle
    4. Circumfixes
      1. 2 parts
        attaches to the fornt
        attaches to the back
  2. Compounding
    1. verbs
      1. formed by back formation
        Noun + verb - sky-dive
        verb + verb - freezy-dry
        adjective + verb = soft-land
        particle + verb = over-look
        adjective + noun = bad-mouth
        noun + noun = breath-test
    2. adjectives
      1. noun + adjective = space-born
      2. verb + adjective = fail-safe
      3. verb + noun = turn-key
      4. adjective + adjective= bitter-sweet
    3. nouns
      1. exocentric
        the compound is not a hyponiym of the grammatical head
      2. endocentric
        the compound is a hyponym of the grammatical head
      3. appositival
        the compound is a hyponym of both
      4. copulative
        the 2 elements separate entities combined to refer to one
        not very common
  3. Conversion
    1. the item changes its word class without the addition of an affiix
      1. dirty - to dirty
3. Others
  1. Borrowing
    1. Borrowed words form another language
      1. Chocolate
  2. Inflexion
    1. Modified words to make grmmatical subclasses
      1. work - worked
      2. does not change the grammatical category
  3. Coinage
    1. Invented words
      1. aspirin, kleenex
4. Derivation
  1. To change fron one category to another (verbs to nouns)
    1. addition of an affix
      1. happiness
Approaches
1. Analytic
  1. breaking words down
  2. uses
    1. to know the meaning of read or heard new complex words
  3. Principles
    1. same form = same meaning
    2. two forms are instances of the same morpheme
      1. allomorphs
        seats , shades, fish
    3. not all morphemes are segmental
      1. "ablaut": vowel alternation
    4. a morpheme may have zero as one of its allomorphs provided it has a non zero allomorph
      1. fish - frogs
2. Synthetic
  1. theory construction
  2. uses
    1. to create new forms from pre-existing pieces
The mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, the internal structure and how they are formed

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