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Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory:
Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation
- Retrieval
- Process of transferring from LTM to working memory
- Self-generating cues are better for the memory
- Encoding Specificity
- States that we encode information along with its context
- Easier to retrieve it the way you stuck it in (mood, location,..)
- States that we encode information along with its context
- Process of transferring from LTM to working memory
- Circular Reasoning
- Can measure memory performance in each condition
- Begins and ends with the same thing
- Can measure memory performance in each condition
- Storing Information
- Encoding
- The process of acquiring information and
transferring it into LTM
- Visual Memory
- Picture it in your mind
- Example: A dog, a phone number
- Picture it in your mind
- Self-reference
- Memory is better if you relate a word to yourself
- Example: Numbers to birthday
- Memory is better if you relate a word to yourself
- Generation effect
- Making ways to remember something
- Your own definition
- Making ways to remember something
- Testing yourself
- Actually testing yourself
- A study guide
- Actually testing yourself
- Organization effect
- Put similar words in a group that makes sense to you
- Putting a large list into a smaller one
- Put similar words in a group that makes sense to you
- The process of acquiring information and
transferring it into LTM
- Maintenance Rehearsal
- Without making any consideration of
meaning or making connections with
other information
- Without making any consideration of
meaning or making connections with
other information
- Elaborative Rehearsal
- Making connections to other information and
considering meaning
- The better way of the two rehearsals
- Making connections to other information and
considering meaning
- Encoding
- Levels of Processing
- Depth
- Distinguishes between shallow and deep processing
- Shallow
- Little attention to meaning
- Little attention to meaning
- Deep
- Involves close attention
- Better for memory
- Involves close attention
- Distinguishes between shallow and deep processing
- Depth
- Consolidation
- The process that transforms new
memories from a fragile state, in
which they can be disrupted, to a
more permanent state, in which they
are resistant to disruption
- Synaptic
- Takes place over minutes or hours and involves
structural changes at synapses
- Takes place over minutes or hours and involves
structural changes at synapses
- Systems
- Takes place over months or
years and involves gradual
reorganization of neural
circuits within the brain
- Takes place over months or
years and involves gradual
reorganization of neural
circuits within the brain
- Sleep and consolidation
- Better for you to learn before bed then sleep
- Less interference during consolidation
- Sleep and REM enhanced consolidation
- Less interference during consolidation
- Better for you to learn before bed then sleep
- Reconsolidation
- When a memory is retrieved, it becomes fragile, and
when it is in the fragile state it can be consolidated again
- Helps PTSD suffers
- When a memory is retrieved, it becomes fragile, and
when it is in the fragile state it can be consolidated again
- The process that transforms new
memories from a fragile state, in
which they can be disrupted, to a
more permanent state, in which they
are resistant to disruption
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